10- China

How nationalists were able to overthrow the dynasties

  • After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the Nationalist Party and Community Party worked together led by Sun Yat-Sen, a Chinese nationalist, with the support of the Soviet Union to create a military and defeat warlords in China who supported bringing back a monarchy to rule the country. Though they were allied against the warlords, there were disagreements between the KMT and the CCP. The communists were set on the idea of starting a revolution in China led by the peasants. The nation-states were more concerned with gaining control of the country and reforming it through the leadership of their government. As a result, Chiang Kai-shek, the military leader of the KMT who took control of the party after Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925, refused to allow communist party members to hold important positions. In the government. The communists wanted to continue their alliance with the society, which the KMT were more and more wary of, and the communists were afraid that the KMT might ally itself with imperial power from Europe, Japan, or the US to get what they wanted. KMT troops arrested many communists and executed large numbers of them. Between 1928 and 1937, the nationalist party had a string of military successes. They defeated warlords and pushed the communists back away from important cities. Urban and wealthy Chinese benefited from living in the Naitonalist-controlled areas of China but the KMT did little to help people who lived in villages, hamlets, and small towns.

The Long March

  • Mao Zedong, a young revolutionary leader of peasant origins, believed that the communists should seek support from not only the Urban working class but eh peasant masses too. He believed the peasants could be true revolutionaries. In 1934, the Nationalist Army started another campaign to defeat the Communists. Outnumbered and a poorly trained and equipped army, the CCP and the peasants that followed them decided to retreat. The retreat, led by Mao Zedong, is known as the long march. The march lasted a year and covered around 6,000 miles ending in Northwest China. The soldiers had to greatly ppeasantspoletly, pay for goods they wanted, and void damaging crops. This behavior made Mao’s forces welcome among the peasants, many of whom suffered under the Nationalists. The communists had marched to safety away from the reach of the KMT military and Mao Zedong became the leader of their new settlement.

The Second Sino-Japanse War and the Rape of Nanjing (1937-1945)

  • Japan invaded China. Despite a temporary alliance, the Nationalists and Communists struggle to cooperate. Japan captured Nanjingg, leading to the Rape of Nanjing, la brutal campaign where Japanese forces killed and brutalizehundredsed of thousands of soldiers and civilians. After the war, teh Natilist government suffered significant losses, including military strength and access to resources, leading to economic hardship and low morale. In contrast, the CCP benefited from the war, gaining unity, territory, and support through mobilization efforts and economic cooperation.

The End of WWII and the Defeat of the Nationalists

  • After the Second Sino-Japanese War, the two groups engaged in an all-out civil war. The communists continued to gain support from teh peasants, expand their territory, and promote propaganda that was painted. The tehNaitonalists as too loyal to teh United States to act in Cjhina’s best interests. They gained support from eh peasants due to land reforms and had many military victories and army growth. The communists won military victory after military victory against the Nationalists.

Taiwan

  • Chiang Kai-Sheck and the nationalists fled to Taiwan after the civil war and set up the Republic of China

Mao’s New Nation

  • The People’s Republic of China

  • Mainland China

China under Mao Zedong (1949-1976)

  • women backed Mao’s forces because he rejected the inequalities of the old Confucian order, they were greatly valued under Mao‘s rule.

The Great Leap Forward

  • goal

    • turn peasant society into a modern, industrial society

    • mass mobilization of labor to improve agricultural and industrial production

  • methods

    • used communes

      • people in a commune gave up their ownership of tools and animals, and again,o everything was owned by the commune

    • health care was procured and the elderly were moved to houses of happiness so that they could be looked after and also. so that fMaisiecould work and to have to worry about leaving elderly relatives at home

    • propaganda was everyone so that people would get excited about teh communes

    • everyone involved in eh communes was urged not only to meet set targets but to beat them

      • people set up production plants

  • effects

    • steel produced bubyeh backyard furnaces were frequently too weak to be of any use and could not be used in construction

    • backyard production had taken many workers away from their field

      • food was not being harvested

    • had bad weather and starvation occurred, millions died

The cultural revolution

  • goal

    • renew loyalties to the communist movement

      • eliminate opposition to Mao

  • method

    • Mao exploited his cult of personality to manipulate the Red Guard youth into attacking and intimidating “counterrevolutionaries”

  • effects

    • schools and factories closed as the economy plummeted. The Red Guards became a lost generation. They were later sent to work in communes undereducated and cut off from normal family life and jobs. Many came disillusioned with communism.

The four olds

  • Old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas

  • Mao directed to smash them with the nation’s youth and purge the impure elements of Chinese society

The Red Guards

  • students and paramilitary groups that attacked and harassed members of China’s elderly and intellectual population. Terrorized those who were accused of opposing Mao.

  • Mao manipulated the youth to get rid of his enemies who he called class enemies

Mao’s Little Red Book

  • a book of Mao’s sayings and teachings that he made the Red Guards carry around

China under Deng Xiaoping

  • Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese politician and reformer of the Communist Party of China. He led the People’s Republic of China and after Mao' Zedong’s failed policies, Deng made significant changes

    • abolished communes

    • allowed farmers to own their farms and decide what to grow

    • allowed people to sell goods produced in local markets

    • opened China to foreign trade

Four Modernizations

  • agriculture

  • industry

  • science and technology

  • military

China’s first special economic zone in Guangdong Province near Hong Kong

  • was crucial for introducing the new economic policies

  • near Hong Kong because it already had success with capitalist policies

Positives of the reforms

  • improved standard of living

  • Foreign relations and trade improved

Negativesvies of the reforms

  • reduction of the safety net that communism creates and teh gap between rich and poor widened, crime and corruption increased

Tiananmen Square Massacre

  • began mid-April 1989, pro-democracy students and other protesters who wanted more political freedom in China started to gather in Tiananmen Square after the death of Hu Yaobang, a Chinese politician who was seen as a supporter of the cause. Soon others who were frustrated with the government gathered. Though some government officials factored in. Ast approach to teh protestors, most of the communist party believed that the prolonged demonstrations were a threat. to the political stability of China. Deng Xiaoping declared martial law (the suspension of laws in favor of military order), but the demonstrations continued. When demonstrators refused to disperse, the government sent in troops and tanks. Many were wounded, killed, arrested, and tortured crackdown showed that Chinese leaders were determined to keep control and that order was more important than political freedom.

  • the government has censored information about the Tiananmen Square: Taylor Swift, not mentioning during the anniversary

One Child policy

  • to slow the population growth, in teh 11980s the government imposed a one-child policy, which limited urban families. to single children and allowed rural families to have two children. Children born in violation often did. Not get an education or other services because they did not have identification.

  • The country valued boys over girls and many people wound up killing their babies if they were women. This has created. Agender imbalance, there are 33 million more men than girls in China. Men in China will go to neighboring countries to marry women. Now people can have as many children as they want

Tibet

  • a region that the Chinese have occupied since. the1950s. Teh Tibetan government. In exile claims that China is illegally occupying it. China has cracked down hard on Tibetan Buddhists, who have accused China of suppressing their culture and religion. The Tibetan people also resent the policy of China moving Chinese immigrants into Tibet, flooding their culture while wiping out their own. In March 1959, the spiritual leader in Tibet, the Dalai Lama, was invited to visit China for a theatrical performance. Anand tea and was told that he must come alone with no military. 300,000 loyal Tibetans surround the palace to prevent the Dalai Lama from going since it was a plan to kidnap him. The Dalai Lama evacuated to neighboring India after Chinses artillery was aimed at the palace.

The Uighurs

  • Muslims living in Xinjiang, China, who have faced persecution from China. Tehya has been put into reeducation camps and eyewitnesses say that they are internment camps. Teh region is under heavy surveillance and hard to get into.

Xi Jinping

  • current president of China

  • creates a cult of personality with media and has his face plastered everywhere

  • portraits similar to Mao Zedong

The Opium Wars

  • China entered a period of decline and isolation where no modern advertisements took place in the 1700’s. They had shut themselves off from the rest of the world for too long. They had strict limitations on foreign traders and Britain wanted their porcelain, silk, teas, gold, and silvers.

    • China had a favorable balance of trade

    • Europeans (Britain) had an unfavorable balance of trade

  • Britain iintroducedOpium which is a drug and got the people of China hooked on it. They then had an unfavorable balance of trade because they needed to import so much Opium, The Chinese government tried to outlaw it and it was outlawed in Britian.

  • the drug weakened a large percentage of the population and they had to use a lot ofsilvere to pay for the opium

  • Lin Tse-Hsu was willing to do whatever was necessary to end the drug traffic rovere

    • he wanted to round up the addicts and harshly punish the drug dealers

    • he wanted to confiscate foreign stores and force merchants to make pledges of good conduct agreeing to never trade in opium and be punished if it was ever violated, which brought war

    • The British easily defeated theChineses with their modern technology and they made peace agreements with many unequal treaties