Social Studies Set

Conflict Between Popes and Monarchs

Revising An Empire → After Charlemagne’s Empire collapsed, the German part of the kingdom was split between dukes.

Otto The Great → Made alliances with other German nobles 

962→ eventually got the pope to crown him emperor 

The Empire was large (Germany and a few Italian lands)

He created a stable kingdom with a prosperous empire 

Worked closely with the church → strengthened it ( eventually got it strong enough to rival the authority  of the state) 

Death of Otto The Great→ Ottoman Kings took over and wanted to make it more Christian/Holy, called themselves Roman Kings, challenging the Byzantine rulers

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How Did Pope Gregory and Herny  IV Go Into Conflict 

Early Holy Roman Empire Ruler Giving Church More Power→ In time, Popes gained more power, causing conflict between Popes and rulers. 

Pope Vs. Emperor→ Italian Monk (aka Pope Gregory) didn't believe that the Emperor should have power over the church sparking conflict with the emperor at the time (Henry VI)

 More Conflict→ Pope Gregory also believed the Popes should get to choose Bishops.  

Why They Each Wanted To Chose Bishops→Bishops controlled much land and wealth they each wanted one that would support their views 

The List Of Rules→ Pope Gregory made a list claiming his authority over  Church and non-church leaders saying that he could remove Bishops and even Emperors.  

Why Did He Think He Could Do That→ He claimed that God founded the church and could remove people from office, etc. 

Note: That Set The Conflict Up

A Ruler Difies The  Pope→ Hery didn't listen to the pope and appointed his own rules in response; the pope appointed his own to 

Henry tried to excommunicate the Pope/the Pope freed Henry’s subjects from their oath.

Forgivnes→ Heny (Powerless without loyal subjects) went to apologize to Gregory ( Who made him wait in the snow for 3 days) Gregory forgave Henr.y 

But then Henry led his army into Rome, forcing Gregory From the city 

Continuing Conflicts→, The conflicts continued long after their deaths but were put to  a stop in 1122 when the Concordat of Worms started

Concordat of Worms → allowed the church to appoint bishops, but emperors to persuade them with gifts to share their views

Despite That Conflicts Continued

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Gregor VII→ was Very controversial, fought against many rules executed Henry IV 2 times, and officially forgave him 1 time. 

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Otto The Great

He helped Pope John XII fight enemies off and in return, Pope John XII crowned him Emperor Of The Roman.s

Aftermath→ They quarreled, which led to Otto replacing John with Pope Leo VII.  

Excommunication→ Henry IV ignored Pope Gregory VII’s rules about church authority which ended up with him being excommunicated although Herny was forgiven in 1077 

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Otto The Great

He helped Pope John XII fight enemies off and in return, Pope John XII crowned him Emperor Of The Romans.

Aftermath→ They quarreled, which led to Otto replacing John with Pope Leo VII.  

Excommunication→ Henry IV ignored Pope Gregory VII’s rules about church authority, which ended up with him being excommunicated. Although Herny was forgiven in 1077, the conflict remained in appointing bishops. 

Medival Church→ It was rich and powerful, with popes wearing papal crowns and luxurious garments.s

The pope's mark of authority→ was two crossed keys, symbolizing when the bible says “Keys to the kingdom of heaven”

The Crusade Speech→ Pope Urban II made a speech calling on all soldiers of Christ to join the Holy to defend Constantinople from attack and free Jerusalem from the Tur.ks 

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How Did The French Monarchy Grow→ Between the 900s and 1200s, there were few strong rulers in Europe  Political Power was in the hands of Aristocrats but in France and England power began to shift to monarchs. 

Increased Trade→ By the 1100s trade was increasing through Europe where kings got the taxes from the money and strengthened them politically. 

Capetian Rulers→ One Capetian ruler King Philip II Augustus came to the throne in 1180

He gained more power over the French Church when his reign was over, and he had one of the strongest monarchs in medieval Europe. 

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Secular→ Nonreligious

Excommunicate→ to exclude someone from a church/religious community 

cleary→ in a clear manner without doubt or question 

Authority →control 

Primage → journey undertaken at a religious place 

Magna Carta →  a document that promised barons certain rights  

Common law → a body of law that is developed from custom and judges' decisions rather than a law passed by a lawmaking assembly 

Habeas Corpus → a court order to bring an arrested person before a court/judge

Writ: a court order

Parliament → an assembly of reos who make laws 

Judiciary → a system of law courts outside of the control of other branches of government 

Standardized → the same everywhere

Transform → to change 

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The Crusades “A Quest For The Holy Land”

What are they→a series of wars between Christians and Muslims they were fighting over Jerusalem called the holy land because Jesus died there.

Factors Of Why They Started→ 1. Muslims didn't let Christians visit the holy land 2. Christian Pilgrims were attacked 3. Byzantine Empire feared attack on Constantinople 

The Pope Called people and said if they fought, their sins would be forgotten, and they would go to heave.n

People Who Answered the Call→ Fudel Lords, Knights, and Peasants 

The First Crusade→ Peasant army, untrained, many were killed by Muslim Turks, But the knights succeeded in capturing Jerusalem

Second Crusade→ After the victory, many Christians went home and the Turks to 





























Skylar's Stuff :

England Before Conquest→


400s, Europe:

  • German tribes started to settle in the area east of Britain.
    -These tribes became known as Anglo Saxons, and their lands became known as “England”(Land of the Angles).


900s-1000s, Europe

  • England became organized under a centralized government that benefited from a standardized system of coinage that was used throughout the kingdom.


1066, England

  • England grew to be a stronger state but it still faced invasions by other countries.

  • The most impactful invasion was by William, Duke of Normandy.


The Norman Conquest→

  • Northern France became known as Normandy, named after the Normans.

  • The Normans were interested in the wealth of England.

  • The king of England at the time was Edward the Confessor who was considered a weak ruler.

  • The power in England was held by a noble family called the godwits, harry Godwin Earl of Wessex was expected to inherit the throne.


January 1066

  • Edward the Confessor dies, supposedly promising the throne to Harold Godwin.

  • William claimed that Edward promised the throne to him.

       -  The Norwegian king, Harald, also claimed that he was promised the throne to him.


September 1066

  • Harald landed his army in northern England in response, King Harold of England rushed north and defeated the Norwegian invasion

       -        A few days later, William of Normandy invaded southern England.


October 1066

  • The English army and the Norman army met near the village of Hastings.

  • Harold and his brother were killed- Anglo-Saxon rule in England was over.


Effects Of The Norman Conquest→

Christmas Day, 1066

  • William The Conqueror was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey

 Norman England

  • With the Anglo-Saxon nobles wiped out from the Battle of Hastings, the Normans received many of their previous claims

              - William gave the nobles land to his baron and his family, who received the largest shares.

                - This concentrated wealth and power in the hands of a small French-speaking elite.

Strong Feudal System 

-There was a rise in great castles as homes and large, stone fortresses to control the native population.

New ruling class

  • Everyone in power ( both the church and the government) was of Norman birth.

  • Latin and French became the language of law, culture, and government

  • The Anglo-Saxons maintained their costumes and language.

                -     As a result, Anglo-Saxon and Norman French blended to create modern English

Church vs state in england→

-King Henry 11 vs Thomas Becket

   - Henry 11 and Becket were once close friends and allies 

    In -1662, king henry 11 appointedBeckett as archbishop of Canterbury which made Becket the most important bishop in the land

-Henry wanted to expand royal power and believed Becket would support him.

         -becket grew more loyal to the church than the monarchy 

-becket resisted Henry's attempt to limit the power and independence of the church

-becket excommunicated Henry 11

-” How can you all allow me, your king, to be treated with such contempt.”-King Henry 11

-Knights believed that Henry 11 was calling for Becket's death so they traveled to Canterbury and killed him.

-People believed that Becket was a martyr and a shrine was set up where he had been killed.

- This shrine, located in the cathedral of Canterbury became a destination of pilgrimage.

Limiting Royal Power→

Power Struggle: Normal kings were trying to strengthen the central government but feudal lords often opposed them.

Power struggle: Kings had to ask barons for money and soldiers to wage wars and crusades and in return the barons could make demands from the king.

King John- 

1199

  • John, the son of Henry 11, became king of england.

  • He claimed normandy in France since he was descendent of william the conqueror.

1204

  • John lost control over most of his french lands.

  • He needed money to raise an army, which he could get from taxes.

  • His efforts to fund his army led to conflict with baron over taxes and royal power.

  • 1215

  •    England leaders force king john to sign the magna carta

Magna Carta

  • The magna carter is know as the great charter.

  • In the charter king john agreed to recognize the rights of barons.

  • Promised he would not collect more taxes without the approval of the council

  • Promised to recongize the right of trial, by jury.