GIT MICROBIOLOGY PARASITES BLOCK 4 m3

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Option 1: CSV Format (Recommended)

Copy this into a .csv file or Google Sheets (Column A = Term, Column B = Definition), then import to Knowt:

```csv

"Parasite: Definition","Live on/in host, benefit at host's cost → tissue damage/disease"

"Protozoa: Key feature","Unicellular, multiply inside human host"

"Helminths: Key feature","Multicellular, adults cannot multiply in humans"

"Parasites: Epidemiology","'Diseases of poverty' → poor sanitation, unsafe water, warm/humid climate, overcrowding"

"Soil-transmitted helminths (STH)","Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichuris — most prevalent"

"Parasites: Highest burden","Sub-Saharan Africa"

"Parasites: HIV risk","CD4 < 100 = high risk for opportunistic parasites"

"E. histolytica: Transmission","Fecal-oral; cysts infective"

"E. histolytica: Forms","Trophozoite (invasive) / Cyst (resistant, infective)"

"E. histolytica: Asymptomatic rate","80-99% asymptomatic carriers"

"E. histolytica: Intestinal disease","Amoebic dysentery: Bloody/mucus stool → flask-shaped ulcers, perforation, peritonitis"

"E. histolytica: Extra-intestinal","Liver abscess (most common)"

"E. histolytica: Stool diagnosis","4-nucleate mature cyst; trophozoites with ingested RBCs"

"E. histolytica: Other diagnosis","Sigmoidoscopy, US/CT, EIA/NAAT"

"E. histolytica: Treatment","Metronidazole (tissue/luminal) → THEN Paromomycin/Diloxanide furoate (eliminate cysts)"

"E. histolytica: Non-pathogenic mimic","E. dispar — identical morphologically but non-pathogenic"

"Giardia: Transmission","Waterborne (chlorine-resistant cysts), day-care outbreaks, animal reservoirs"

"Giardia: Clinical features","Bulky, foul-smelling, fatty stool; malabsorption, flatulence, weight loss, lactose intolerance"

"Giardia: Recurrent infection risk","IgA deficiency = recurrent"

"Giardia: Trophozoite appearance","'Face-like' 2 nuclei + axostyle, falling-leaf motility"

"Giardia: Cyst appearance","Oval, 4 nuclei; multiple samples needed (irregular shedding)"

"Giardia: Most sensitive diagnosis","EIA/NAAT (more sensitive than microscopy)"

"Giardia: Treatment","Tinidazole / Metronidazole / Albendazole / Nitazoxanide"

"Cryptosporidium: Key feature","Resists chlorination; oocysts 4-6 μm, acid-fast +ve"

"Cryptosporidium: Clinical (immunocompetent)","Self-limiting watery diarrhoea"

"Cryptosporidium: Clinical (AIDS)","Chronic/severe watery diarrhoea"

"Cryptosporidium: Treatment","Nitazoxanide + treat underlying HIV"

"Cystoisospora: Key feature","Tropical travel link; oocysts >10 μm"

"Cystoisospora: Treatment","Co-trimoxazole (1st-line)"

"Cyclospora: Key feature","~8-10 μm, acid-fast variable; flu-like + prolonged diarrhoea"

"Cyclospora: Treatment","Co-trimoxazole"

"Microsporidia: Key feature","Very small, intracellular; Enterocytozoon bieneusi commonest"

"Microsporidia: Stain","Calcofluor white / Trichrome"

"Microsporidia: Treatment","Albendazole / Fumagillin"

"HIV + diarrhoea + CD4 < 100: Think","Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Microsporidia"

"Ascaris: Infective form","Ingest embryonated eggs"

"Ascaris: Loeffler's pneumonitis","Larval lung passage → pulmonary symptoms"

"Ascaris: Heavy load complications","Bowel obstruction, biliary/pancreatic complications"

"Ascaris: Fertilized egg","Thick mammillated coat"

"Ascaris: Unfertilized egg","Elongated, no larva"

"Ascaris: Treatment","Albendazole / Mebendazole"

"Trichuris: Key feature","Barrel-shaped eggs + bipolar plugs"

"Trichuris: Heavy infection","Rectal prolapse, growth retardation in kids"

"Trichuris: Treatment","Albendazole / Mebendazole"

"Enterobius: Most common","Most common nematode globally"

"Enterobius: Clinical clue","Perianal pruritus WORSE AT NIGHT"

"Enterobius: Best diagnosis","Scotch-tape test > stool"

"Enterobius: Egg appearance","Oval, flat on one side"

"Enterobius: Treatment","Pyrantel pamoate / Albendazole — treat household contacts"

"Hookworm: Infective form","Filariform larvae penetrate skin → 'Ground itch'"

"Hookworm: Clinical","Iron-deficiency anaemia (blood loss), eosinophilia, Loeffler syndrome"

"Hookworm: Egg appearance","Eggs identical — oval, thin shell"

"Hookworm: Treatment","Albendazole + iron replacement"

"Strongyloides: Unique feature","Autoinfection (internal reinfection cycle)"

"Strongyloides: Hyperinfection","Hyperinfection syndrome in immunosuppressed"

"Strongyloides: Clinical","Larva currens (fast-moving skin rash), pulmonary, mimics Crohn's"

"Strongyloides: Diagnosis","Rhabditiform larvae in stool/duodenal aspirate — NOT eggs; agar culture best"

"Strongyloides: 1st-line treatment","Ivermectin (superior to benzimidazoles)"

"Taenia saginata: Source","Beef"

"Taenia saginata: Scolex","Unarmed"

"Taenia saginata: Uterine branches",">13 uterine branches"

"Taenia solium: Source","Pork"

"Taenia solium: Scolex","Armed (hooklets)"

"Taenia solium: Uterine branches","<13 branches"

"Taenia solium: Critical concept","Humans = intermediate host → CYSTICERCOSIS / NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS"

"Neurocysticercosis: Significance","#1 cause of adult epilepsy in endemic areas"

"Taenia: Egg appearance","Eggs identical — radial striations + hooklets"

"Taeniasis: Treatment","Praziquantel"

"Neurocysticercosis: Treatment","Albendazole + Praziquantel + steroids ± surgery"

"Echinococcus: Definitive host","Dogs"

"Echinococcus: Human role","Accidental intermediate host"

"Echinococcus: Most common organs","Liver 65% > Lung 25%"

"Echinococcus: Critical complication","Cyst rupture → fatal anaphylaxis"

"Echinococcus: Diagnosis","Imaging + serology; histo = laminated + germinal layers"

"Echinococcus: Treatment","Albendazole + careful surgery / PAIR technique"

"Schistosoma: Infective form","Cercariae from snails → penetrate skin"

"S. haematobium: Egg spine","Terminal spine + URINE → haematuria, bladder cancer risk"

"S. mansoni: Egg spine","Lateral spine + STOOL → intestinal/hepatic disease"

"S. japonicum: Egg spine","Tiny/absent spine"

"Schistosoma: Clinical stages","Swimmer's itch → Katayama fever (acute, high eosinophilia) → chronic fibrosis/pulmonary/renal"

"Schistosoma: Treatment","Praziquantel ± steroids for acute syndrome"

"Autoinfection: Which parasites?","Strongyloides + Cryptosporidium"

"Neurocysticercosis: Caused by","T. solium EGGS, not adult tapeworm"

"Chlorine resistant: Which parasites?","Giardia + Cryptosporidium"

"Acid-fast +ve: Which parasites?","Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cystoisospora"

"Bipolar plugs = ?","Trichuris (whipworm)"

"Flask ulcers = ?","Entamoeba histolytica"

"Falling leaf motility = ?","Giardia lamblia"

"Entamoeba + Giardia: 1st-line","Metronidazole"

"STH + Echinococcus: 1st-line","Albendazole"

"Strongyloides: 1st-line","Ivermectin"

"Cestodes + Schistosoma: 1st-line","Praziquantel"

"Cystoisospora + Cyclospora: 1st-line","Co-trimoxazole"

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Option 2: Tab-Separated Format (Direct Paste)

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Parasite: Definition Live on/in host, benefit at host's cost → tissue damage/disease

Protozoa: Key feature Unicellular, multiply inside human host

Helminths: Key feature Multicellular, adults cannot multiply in humans

Parasites: Epidemiology 'Diseases of poverty' → poor sanitation, unsafe water, warm/humid climate, overcrowding

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichuris — most prevalent

Parasites: Highest burden Sub-Saharan Africa

Parasites: HIV risk CD4 < 100 = high risk for opportunistic parasites

E. histolytica: Transmission Fecal-oral; cysts infective

E. histolytica: Forms Trophozoite (invasive) / Cyst (resistant, infective)

E. histolytica: Asymptomatic rate 80-99% asymptomatic carriers

E. histolytica: Intestinal disease Amoebic dysentery: Bloody/mucus stool → flask-shaped ulcers, perforation, peritonitis

E. histolytica: Extra-intestinal Liver abscess (most common)

E. histolytica: Stool diagnosis 4-nucleate mature cyst; trophozoites with ingested RBCs

E. histolytica: Other diagnosis Sigmoidoscopy, US/CT, EIA/NAAT

E. histolytica: Treatment Metronidazole (tissue/luminal) → THEN Paromomycin/Diloxanide furoate (eliminate cysts)

E. histolytica: Non-pathogenic mimic E. dispar — identical morphologically but non-pathogenic

Giardia: Transmission Waterborne (chlorine-resistant cysts), day-care outbreaks, animal reservoirs

Giardia: Clinical features Bulky, foul-smelling, fatty stool; malabsorption, flatulence, weight loss, lactose intolerance

Giardia: Recurrent infection risk IgA deficiency = recurrent

Giardia: Trophozoite appearance 'Face-like' 2 nuclei + axostyle, falling-leaf motility

Giardia: Cyst appearance Oval, 4 nuclei; multiple samples needed (irregular shedding)

Giardia: Most sensitive diagnosis EIA/NAAT (more sensitive than microscopy)

Giardia: Treatment Tinidazole / Metronidazole / Albendazole / Nitazoxanide

Cryptosporidium: Key feature Resists chlorination; oocysts 4-6 μm, acid-fast +ve

Cryptosporidium: Clinical (immunocompetent) Self-limiting watery diarrhoea

Cryptosporidium: Clinical (AIDS) Chronic/severe watery diarrhoea

Cryptosporidium: Treatment Nitazoxanide + treat underlying HIV

Cystoisospora: Key feature Tropical travel link; oocysts >10 μm

Cystoisospora: Treatment Co-trimoxazole (1st-line)

Cyclospora: Key feature ~8-10 μm, acid-fast variable; flu-like + prolonged diarrhoea

Cyclospora: Treatment Co-trimoxazole

Microsporidia: Key feature Very small, intracellular; Enterocytozoon bieneusi commonest

Microsporidia: Stain Calcofluor white / Trichrome

Microsporidia: Treatment Albendazole / Fumagillin

HIV + diarrhoea + CD4 < 100: Think Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Microsporidia

Ascaris: Infective form Ingest embryonated eggs

Ascaris: Loeffler's pneumonitis Larval lung passage → pulmonary symptoms

Ascaris: Heavy load complications Bowel obstruction, biliary/pancreatic complications

Ascaris: Fertilized egg Thick mammillated coat

Ascaris: Unfertilized egg Elongated, no larva

Ascaris: Treatment Albendazole / Mebendazole

Trichuris: Key feature Barrel-shaped eggs + bipolar plugs

Trichuris: Heavy infection Rectal prolapse, growth retardation in kids

Trichuris: Treatment Albendazole / Mebendazole

Enterobius: Most common Most common nematode globally

Enterobius: Clinical clue Perianal pruritus WORSE AT NIGHT

Enterobius: Best diagnosis Scotch-tape test > stool

Enterobius: Egg appearance Oval, flat on one side

Enterobius: Treatment Pyrantel pamoate / Albendazole — treat household contacts

Hookworm: Infective form Filariform larvae penetrate skin → 'Ground itch'

Hookworm: Clinical Iron-deficiency anaemia (blood loss), eosinophilia, Loeffler syndrome

Hookworm: Egg appearance Eggs identical — oval, thin shell

Hookworm: Treatment Albendazole + iron replacement

Strongyloides: Unique feature Autoinfection (internal reinfection cycle)

Strongyloides: Hyperinfection Hyperinfection syndrome in immunosuppressed

Strongyloides: Clinical Larva currens (fast-moving skin rash), pulmonary, mimics Crohn's

Strongyloides: Diagnosis Rhabditiform larvae in stool/duodenal aspirate — NOT eggs; agar culture best

Strongyloides: 1st-line treatment Ivermectin (superior to benzimidazoles)

Taenia saginata: Source Beef

Taenia saginata: Scolex Unarmed

Taenia saginata: Uterine branches >13 uterine branches

Taenia solium: Source Pork

Taenia solium: Scolex Armed (hooklets)

Taenia solium: Uterine branches <13 branches

Taenia solium: Critical concept Humans = intermediate host → CYSTICERCOSIS / NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS

Neurocysticercosis: Significance #1 cause of adult epilepsy in endemic areas

Taenia: Egg appearance Eggs identical — radial striations + hooklets

Taeniasis: Treatment Praziquantel

Neurocysticercosis: Treatment Albendazole + Praziquantel + steroids ± surgery

Echinococcus: Definitive host Dogs

Echinococcus: Human role Accidental intermediate host

Echinococcus: Most common organs Liver 65% > Lung 25%

Echinococcus: Critical complication Cyst rupture → fatal anaphylaxis

Echinococcus: Diagnosis Imaging + serology; histo = laminated + germinal layers

Echinococcus: Treatment Albendazole + careful surgery / PAIR technique

Schistosoma: Infective form Cercariae from snails → penetrate skin

S. haematobium: Egg spine Terminal spine + URINE → haematuria, bladder cancer risk

S. mansoni: Egg spine Lateral spine + STOOL → intestinal/hepatic disease

S. japonicum: Egg spine Tiny/absent spine

Schistosoma: Clinical stages Swimmer's itch → Katayama fever (acute, high eosinophilia) → chronic fibrosis/pulmonary/renal

Schistosoma: Treatment Praziquantel ± steroids for acute syndrome

Autoinfection: Which parasites? Strongyloides + Cryptosporidium

Neurocysticercosis: Caused by T. solium EGGS, not adult tapeworm

Chlorine resistant: Which parasites? Giardia + Cryptosporidium

Acid-fast +ve: Which parasites? Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cystoisospora

Bipolar plugs = ? Trichuris (whipworm)

Flask ulcers = ? Entamoeba histolytica

Falling leaf motility = ? Giardia lamblia

Entamoeba + Giardia: 1st-line Metronidazole

STH + Echinococcus: 1st-line Albendazole

Strongyloides: 1st-line Ivermectin

Cestodes + Schistosoma: 1st-line Praziquantel

Cystoisospora + Cyclospora: 1st-line Co-trimoxazole

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Quick Reference: High-Yield Recall (Keep this handy!)

Concept Answer

Autoinfection Strongyloides + Cryptosporidium

Neurocysticercosis cause T. solium EGGS

Chlorine resistant Giardia + Cryptosporidium

Acid-fast +ve Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Cystoisospora

Bipolar plugs Trichuris

Flask ulcers Entamoeba

Falling leaf motility Giardia

1st-line: Entamoeba/Giardia Metronidazole

1st-line: STH/Echinococcus Albendazole

1st-line: Strongyloides Ivermectin

1st-line: Cestodes/Schistosoma Praziquantel

1st-line: Cystoisospora/Cyclospora Co-trimoxazole

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All 86 flashcards ready to go! Good luck with your GIT Parasites exam 🩺🔬