Lab values

WBC range: 3.9-11.7 x 10^3/mcL

Leukocytosis: above normal WBC count

Leukocytosis causes: infection, stress, trauma

Leukopenia: below normal WBC count

Leukopenia causes: overwhelming infections, depressed immune system, bone marrow diseases

Neutrophils range: 1.8-6.8 x 10^9/L (40-75%) 

Neutrophilia: increased neutrophils

Neutrophilia causes: bacterial infection and trauma

Reduced neutrophils causes: bone marrow diseases

Lymphocytes range: 1.0-3.4 x 10^9/L

Lymphocytes increased: viral infections, infections

Lymphocytes decreased: immunodeficiency

T lymphocytes: 410-1590 x 10^6/L (31-60%)

T lymphocytes abnormalities: HIV

Eosinophils range: 0-0.4 x 10^6/L (0-6%)

Eosinophils increased: allergic reactions, parasitic infection

Basophils range: 0-0.1 x 10^6/L (0-1%)

Basophils increase: allergic reactions

Monocytes range: 0.2-0.8 x 10^6/L (2-10%)

Monocytes increased: invasion of foreign material 

RBC range (men): 4.4-5.9 x 10^6/mcl

RBC range (women): 3.8-5x2 x 10^6/mcl

RBC decreased: anemia due to blood loss or reduced RBC production by bone marrow

RBC increased: polycythemia due to chronically low blood oxygen levels 

Hemoglobin range (men): 13.3-17.7 g/dl

Hemoglobin range (women): 11.7-15.7 g/dl

Threshold for blood transfusion: Hb of 7.0 g/dl

Hematocrit range (men): 40-52%

Hematocrit range (women): 35-47%

Hematocrit low: anemia, overhydration 

Hematocrit high: polycythemia, dehydration 

Basic metabolic panel (BMP): sodium, potassium, chloride, total CO2/bicarbonate, glucose, creatine, blood urea nitrogen, magnesium, phosphorous, calcium

Sodium range: 136-145 meq/L

Hypernatremia (high sodium): dehydration from excess water loss, excessive administration of saline fluids/diuretics 

Hyponatremia (low sodium): overhydration, abnormal secretion of antidiuretic hormone, severe vomiting/diarrhea, congestive heart failure, renal/hepatic failure

Potassium range: 3.5-5.0 meq/L

Hyperkalemia (high potassium): kidney disease, alcoholism

Hypokalemia (low potassium): vomiting/diarrhea, renal disease 

Chloride range: 98-106 meq/L

Hyperchloremia (high chloride): metabolic acidosis

Hypochloremia (low chloride): vomiting/diarrhea, metabolic alkalosis, severe burns

Total CO2 range: 22-29 meq/L

High CO2: ventilatory failure 

Low CO2: metabolic acidosis, hyperventilation syndrome, diarrhea 

Calcium range: 4.5-5.25 meq/L

Hypercalcemia: hyperparathyroidism, metastatic cancer

Hypocalcemia: hypoparathyroidism, blood transfusions, pancreatitis, vitamin D deficiency

Calcium range: 2.2-2.7 meq/L 

Hypercalcemia: hyperparathyroidism, metastatic cancer

Hypocalcemia: hypoparathyroidism, blood transfusions, pancreatitis, vitamin D deficiency

Glucose range: 70-139 mg/dl

Hyperglycemia: diabetes 

Hypoglycemia: inadequate diet, drug induced 

Creatinine range: 0.7-1.3 mg/dl

High creatinine: kidney injury, renal failure

Low creatinine: protein starvation, liver disease 

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) range: 8-23 mg/dl

High BUN: kidney injury, renal failure, dehydration 

Low BUN: liver disease, malnutrition 

Magnesium range: 1.7-2.1 meq/L

Hypermagnesemia: renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration 

Hypomagnesemia: cirrhosis, pancreatitis, alcoholism, pregnancy

Phosphorous range: 1.2-2.3 meq/L 

Hyperphosphatemia: renal failure, hepatic failure, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism 

Hypophosphatemia: chronic hyperventilation, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, malnutrition 

Osmolarity range: 275-295 mOsm/kg

Osmolarity: ability to attract water molecules 

Anion gap calculation: Na - (CO2 + Cl)

Anion gap range: 8-14 mmol/L

Lactate range: 0.7-2.1 meq/L

High lactate: anaerobic metabolism, septic shock, dehydration, trauma