Period 3 Exam

Unit 5: Revolutions and Industrialization (1750-1900)

Enlightenment Thinkers

  • Thomas Hobbes: Proposed the concept of the Social Contract.

  • John Locke: Introduced the idea of Natural Rights, emphasizing life, liberty, and property.

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Advocated for Popular Sovereignty, where government derives its power from the consent of the governed.

  • Voltaire: Promoted civil liberties and freedom of speech.

  • Montesquieu: Advocated for the separation of powers within government.

  • Mary Wollstonecraft: Early advocate for women's rights and education.

  • Olympe de Gouges: Known for her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen.

American Revolution

Causes

  • Mercantilism: Economic policy that benefits the mother country, leading to colonial discontent.

  • Increased call for self-determination: Colonists sought independence from British control.

Major Events

  • Treaty of Paris (1783): Ended the war and recognized American independence.

Effects

  • Inspired subsequent revolutions globally.

  • Establishment of a government based on Enlightenment ideals.

French Revolution

Causes

  • Economic, political, and social unrest, including inequality and fiscal crisis.

Major Events

  • Bastille Day: Marked the beginning of the revolution.

  • National Assembly: Formed by the Third Estate to assert rights.

  • Radical Phase: Dominated by the Jacobins and the Reign of Terror.

    • Robespierre: Key figure during the Reign of Terror, leading to mass executions.

  • Rise of the Directory: Followed the fall of the Jacobins.

  • Napoleon seizes power: Establishes a new regime.

Effects

  • Encouraged liberalism and the establishment of constitutional governments across Europe.

  • Congress of Vienna: A conservative response to revolution, aiming to restore order.

  • Continued calls for liberal reforms throughout the 19th century.

Haitian Revolution

Causes

  • Slave revolt grows into a full-scale revolution against colonial rule.

Major Events

  • Toussaint Lā€™Ouverture: A leader who declared independence for Haiti.

  • Creation of Constitution (1801): Established governance and civil rights.

Effects

  • Successful slave rebellion, leading to the first independent black-led country in the Western Hemisphere.

Latin American Revolutions

Causes

  • Creoles opposed Spanish mercantilism, seeking political power.

  • Mestizos and other classes desired autonomy and influence.

Major Events

  • Various individual revolutions throughout Latin America.

  • Simon Bolivar: Created the vision of ā€œGran Colombia.ā€

Effects

  • Formation of independent countries.

  • Often saw more conservative governments; Creole elites retained power.

  • Emergence of Caudillos (military leaders) controlling regions.

Revolutions of 1848

Causes

  • Rise of nationalism and liberalism across Western Europe.

Major Events

  • Widespread protests and revolts for self-determination.

  • Surge of German and Italian nationalism movements.

Effects

  • Transformed the political landscape of the late 19th century, leading to a new political map in Europe.

Nationalism

Political Impact

  • Led to German and Italian unifications, driven by self-determination.

  • Sparked Balkan Nationalism, pushing for independence movements.

Responses

  • Ottomanism: Aimed at creating a modern and unified state by minimizing ethnic and religious differences.

  • Russification: Policy to promote the Russian culture at the expense of others.

Cultural Impact

  • Influenced art, music, and literature to celebrate national identities.

  • The Romanticism movement romanticized the past, drawing from local lore.

  • Promoted intense loyalty to oneā€™s culture and language, creating a common identity across linguistic and religious lines.

Industrial Revolution

Origins and Context

  • Triggered by the Agricultural Revolution.

Favorable Conditions in Britain

  • New technological innovations fostered growth.

  • Access to abundant mineral resources.

  • Historical context of extensive colonies.

  • Navigable rivers facilitated transportation.

  • Strong fleets protected trade and assets.

  • Legal protection of private property encouraged investment.

  • Growing population created demand for goods.

Spread of Industrialization

  • Continental Europe: Delayed initially; by the 19th century, began catching up.

  • United States: Industrial revolution began to unfold in the 19th century.

Technology

1st Industrial Revolution (18th-early 19th centuries)

  • Introduction of steam engines.

  • Major advancements in transportation, such as railroads and steamships.

  • Creation of coaling stations necessary for steamships.

  • Innovations in iron processing to enhance strength and decrease costs.

2nd Industrial Revolution (late 19th-early 20th centuries)

  • Innovations in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

  • Development of oil and the advent of electricity.

  • Enhanced communications technologies.

Governmentā€™s Role

  • Promoted industrial growth by protecting personal property and business ventures.

  • Notable examples include Meiji Japan and Muhammed Ali in Egypt enhancing the textile industry.

  • Adam Smith: Advocated for laissez-faire capitalism, opposing excessive government control over economics, championing minimal governmental intervention beyond the protection of property rights.

  • Emergence of socialism and communism as responses to industrial capitalism.

Economic Developments

  • Growth of corporations, charted by governments.

  • Formation of monopolies that controlled industries.

  • Rise of transnational businesses that operated across borders; for example, Unilever, which sourced palm oil from Africa and manufactured soap in the US, Austria, and Switzerland, sold globally.

  • Expansion of banking led to increased consumerism.

Social Impact

  • Emergence of a distinct working class.

  • Lower-class women increasingly participated in the workforce, advocating for suffrage beyond just women's rights.

  • Poor working conditions prompted formation of labor unions.

  • Enactment of child labor laws.

  • Growth of the middle class altered family dynamics and work patterns.

Intellectual Reactions

  • John Stuart Mill: Advocated for utilitarianism, asserting policies should aim to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. He aimed to address capitalism-related issues rather than entirely replace it.

  • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Promoted communism, advocating for the abolition of social classes and placing means of production in the hands of the working populace.

Regional Insights

Western Europe

  • Early leaders in industrialization, creating heightened demand for raw materials.

North America

  • Increased demand for resources fueled expansion, exemplified by transcontinental railroads.

Japan

  • Undertook westernization and modernization efforts: abolished feudalism, established a constitutional monarchy, built infrastructure and military, revamped the education system, and subsidized industrialization through zaibatsu.

  • Diverse reactions among elites, with some forming zaibatsu while others resisted change.

  • Rise of liberalism in the 19th century followed by a decline in the 20th century, as militarism gained ascendance.

Ottoman Empire

  • Decline labeled as the ā€œsick man of Europe,ā€ prompted reforms, including Mahmud II's abolition of the Janissary Corps and feudal systems.

  • Tanzimat Reforms aimed to root out corruption, improve public education, codify law guaranteeing equality, and promote secularization; faced conservative resistance.

China

  • Qing Dynasty experienced humiliating concessions to foreign powers leading to weakened authority.

  • Reform attempts included intellectual clubs, the Self-Strengthening Movement, and the Hundred Days of Reform but encountered resistance from conservatives, notably Cixi. Continued division into spheres of influence preluded the dynasty's fall in 1911.

Russia

  • Dependent on the outcomes of the Crimean War, which encouraged reforms like the abolition of serfdom.

  • Began industrializing sectors such as railroads and steel production, remaining mostly agricultural.

  • Witte System facilitated the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad and the establishment of the Duma, though authority largely retained by the Tsar.

Latin America

  • Industrialization was limited, dominated by foreign interests, particularly in the oil sector, leading to a focus on raw material exports while importing manufactured goods.

Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Increasing accessibility for Europeans due to industrialization, elevating the demand for raw materials and markets, which spurred imperial tendencies. Infrastructure improvements supported this trend.

South Asia

  • The East India Company extended its influence during the 18th century, causing significant economic ramifications:

    • Restrictions on iron and shipbuilding industries through heavy tariffs.

    • COTTON INDUSTRY faced competition from British textile mills, inciting changes toward raw material production directed at exports.

Unit 6: Imperialism

Causes and Rationales

Economic Causes

  • 17th and 18th centuries: Trading companies established trading posts, but decline came by the 19th century.

  • Industrialization created heightened demand for raw materials and markets.

  • The second Industrial Revolution intensified these demands.

Political Causes

  • Rise of nationalism fueled competition among nations.

Social Rationales

  • Social Darwinism: Asserting the physical superiority of certain races.

  • Cultural and social superiority justified by perceived technological advancements.

  • Religious Motives: Missionary zeal to convert and civilize.

Resistance Movements

Americas

  • Ghost Dance Movement: Native American spiritual movement responding to colonization and oppression.

  • Tupac Amaru II: Led a rebellion in response to colonial oppression.

Southeast Asia

  • Resistance occurred against French imperialism in Vietnam (late 19th century).

  • The Philippine Revolution (1896) sought independence, eventually leading to the Spanish-American War and later the Philippine-American War in 1902.

South Asia

  • Significant rebellion in 1857, marking resistance against British control; emergence of the Indian National Congress.

Australia

  • Aboriginal resistance movements against colonial expansion.

New Zealand

  • Treaty of Waitangi (1840): Established British sovereignty, which was contested by the Maori in subsequent conflicts. Maori Wars ensued.

Resistance Movements by Region

West Africa

  • Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate and Yaa Asantewaa War against British rule.

East Africa

  • Mahdist Movement sought to resist British colonization.

  • Ethiopia successfully remained independent during the imperial period.

Southern Africa

  • Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement, alongside the Anglo-Zulu Wars and Boer Wars reflecting resistance to British encroachment.

  • Emergence of Pan-Africanism, where western-educated African scholars initiated shared African identity discussions, foreshadowing future independence movements.

Voluntary Migration Patterns in the 19th Century

Notable Migration Trends

  • 1880-1914: A significant influx from Italy to Argentina due to favorable immigration policies and wage opportunities.

  • 1868-1907: Japan to Hawaii for financial opportunities on plantations.

  • 1850-1880: Chinese migration to the United States initially for gold mining, later transitioning to agricultural and factory work, and opportunities related to the Transcontinental Railroad.

  • 1820-1910: Irish immigration to the United States, driven by the Irish Great Famine, seeking work in construction and labor sectors.

Coerced or Semi-Coerced Migration Patterns in the 19th Century

Historical Migration Trends

  • 1500s-1800s: Forced migration primarily through the triangular trade system, bringing enslaved Africans to the Americas.

  • 1788-1868: Convict transportation from Britain to penal colonies including Australia.

  • 1834-1916: Movement of indentured servants from India to various regions, aimed at replacing the previously abolished slavery systems, operating largely in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean.

Effects of Migration

Economic Effects

  • Increased inter-dependency through economic ties formed between colonizers and colonies.

  • Expansion of overseas markets raised standards of living in some regions.

Technological Developments

  • Advancements in transportation, particularly through railroads and steamships, and enhancements in communication via the telegraph.

Agricultural Impact

  • Creation of cash crops like tea, sugar, palm oil, rubber, and coffee developed with a focus on monocultures, leading to a lack of agricultural diversity and depletion of resources.

Social and Cultural Impact

  • Westernization efforts suppressed local identities, causing disruptions in cultural practices and altering social structures globally.

Ethnic Enclaves Created

  • Notable communities formed included:

    • Chinese communities in North America and Southeast Asia.

    • Indians in regions across Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean.

    • Italians in North America and Argentina.

    • Irish populations in the U.S.

Reactions to Migration

  • Growing prejudice against immigrant communities.

  • Implementation of increasingly restrictive immigration laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Policy.ipo