Native American and Colonial Art History Notes mod 9 done

In 1896, over 1,000 carved and painted wooden objects were found in Key Marco, southwestern Florida.
These objects are considered some of the finest prehistoric Native American art in North America.
Spanish missionaries in the 17th century described similar masks and effigies used by the Calusa people, but no historic examples remain.

Flourished from 1000-1750 CE along the Ohio River.
Women used coiling to make pottery: rolling clay into strips, layering them to mold vessels, and smoothing them with stones and wooden paddles.
Pottery had thinner walls than previous Woodland pottery.
Common shapes included large, plain cooking jars with straps or loop handles.
Pottery was often engraved with guilloché, a series of interlocking lines, on the rim and neck.

Traditional dress incorporated designs and decorations.
Choctaw women's dance regalia included ornamental silver combs and beaded collars.
Caddo women wore dush-tohs (hourglass-shaped hair ornaments).
Clay, stone, and pearl beads were fashioned and worn, often decorated with imagery.
European contact introduced glass beads and silversmithing.
Silver and brass armbands and gorgets became popular among Southeastern men in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Sequoyah was one of the first well-known Cherokee silversmiths.

Great Plains people live on the plains and rolling hills of North America.
Buffalo hide clothing was elaborate, decorated with porcupine quill embroidery, beads, shells, and teeth.
Buffalo hide paintings (and Ledger Art) illustrated narratives, pictorial designs, calendars, and geometric designs.
Beadwork was used to decorate clothing, jewelry, breastplates, and ceremonial headdresses.

Artwork was preserved in earthen mounds where they buried their dead.
Beadwork, pendants, and wood carvings were common in the Northeastern Woodlands.
Mississippian culture (800-1500 CE) included advanced pottery, patchwork clothing, wood carving, and painting.
Fort Ancient culture (1000 CE-1750 CE) included coiled pottery, beadwork, and silversmithing.

From the 12th century onward, the Iroquois and coastal tribes used wampum (shells) as currency and trade goods.
Other arts included wood carvings like False Face masks for healing rituals.
Iroquois artists carved ornamental hair combs from antlers, becoming more elaborate with metal knives from Europe.
Europeans introduced silversmithing in the mid-17th century.

Flourished from 800-1500 CE in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States.
Pottery is a hallmark, using ground mussel shell as a tempering agent.
Textile making (patchwork clothing) and doll-making were common.
Artisans were involved with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex.
Artwork included pottery, shell gorgets and cups, stone statuaries, and copper plates.
European invasion and diseases led to the collapse of many societies.

Developed in the Royal Audience of Quito during the colonial period.
Artistic production was an important source of income.
Founded in 1552 by Franciscan priest Jodoco Ricke, who transformed a seminary into an art school.
Represents a mixed-heritage blending of indigenous people and Europeans.
Known for combining European and Indigenous stylistic features, including Baroque, Flemish, Rococo, and Neoclassical elements.
Encarnado (simulation of human flesh color) was used on sculptures to make them appear realistic.
Aguada (watercolor paint) was applied on top of gold or silver leaf, giving it a metallic sheen.
Figures had mixed European and Indigenous traits in features and clothing.
Artists included local plants and animals instead of European foliage, and scenes were located in the Andean countryside and cities.

Developed during the colonial period by Jesuit missionaries for evangelizing.
Combined European, Latin American, and Indigenous features, as well as local flora, fauna, and landscape.

Art changed after the Spanish conquest with the introduction of techniques like oil paintings on canvas.
The spread of Christianity influenced Inca people and their artwork.
Early colonial art showed influences of both Christianity and Inca religious themes.
Traditional Inca styles were adopted and altered by the Spanish to incorporate Christian themes.

Pizarro destroyed much of Cusco in 1535 and built a new European-style city.
The Convent of Santo Domingo was built over the Coricancha (Temple of the Sun).
Modeled on the Baroque Renaissance style.
The Cathedral of Santo Domingo was built on the foundations of the Inca Palace of Viracocha and presents late-Gothic, Baroque, and Plateresque interiors.
La Iglesia de la Compaña de Jesus was constructed by the Jesuits over the palace of Inca ruler Huayna Capac and is considered one of the best examples of the colonial baroque style in the Americas.

Artistic efforts were directed at evangelism.
Indigenous artists were taught European techniques but retained local styles.
The Spanish Baroque aesthetic was transplanted to central and South America and developed its own variations.

A Roman Catholic art movement that began in Cusco, Peru during the early colonial period.
Initially developed by the Spanish to train local artists in the European tradition for proselytizing.
The style spread through Latin America to places as distant as the Andes, as well as to present-day Bolivia and Ecuador.
Cusco is considered to be the first location where the Spanish systematically taught European artistic techniques such as oil painting and perspective to Indigenous people in the Americas.
Bishop Manuel de Lollinedo y Angulo was a major patron of the Cusco School.
Cusco painting is characterized by exclusively religious subject matter; warped perspective; frequent use of the colors red, yellow, and earth tones; and an abundance of gold leaf.
Artists often adapted the subject matter of paintings to include native flora and fauna.
Most of the paintings were completed anonymously, a result of pre-Columbian traditions that viewed art as a communal undertaking.