Chapter 13 - North and South

Chapter 13: North and South Take Different Paths

Page 1: Introduction

• Overview of contrasting developments in the North and South leading up to the Civil War.

Page 2: Life in the North and the South Prior to the Civil War

• Focus on the distinct lifestyles, economies, and cultures between the regions.

• Source of video reference provided for visual understanding.

Page 3: Union and Confederate Resources, 1860

Population and Resources Comparison

• Population:

  • North: 29%

  • South: 71%

• Railroad Mileage:

  • North: 86%

  • South: 14%

• Manufacturing Plants:

  • North: 92%

  • South: 8%

• Industrial Workers:

  • North: 71%

  • South: 29%

Page 4: Life in the North - Geography

Climate and Natural Resources

• Climate characterized by four distinct seasons: cold winters and hot, humid summers.

• Natural Resources:

  • Busy seaports facilitated trade due to many harbors.

  • Thin, rocky soil posed challenges for farming.

  • Dense forests and broad rivers aided agriculture and transportation.

  • Rich soil in plains supported good farmland.

Page 5: Industrial Growth in the North

• New Machinery:

  • Introduction of sewing machines, steel plows, and mechanical reapers.

  • Transition of farm workers to northern factories due to industrial expansion.

Page 6: Communication Revolution

• Samuel Morse invents the telegraph, enhancing instant communication.

• Facilitated business: farmers could quickly coordinate with markets.

• Reference to a video source for further insight.

Page 7: Life in the North - Economy

Economic Structure

• Dominance of trade and industry shaped the northern lifestyle.

• Industrial Revolution:

  • Transition from hand manufacturing to machine-based production.

  • Key facilities included Lowell Mills, primarily for textiles.

  • Machines played a crucial role in farming and harvesting.

Page 8: Section 1 - The Industrial Revolution

• Introduction to the concept of the Industrial Revolution.

Page 9: The Industrial Revolution Overview

Key Features

• 1st Industrial Revolution (1760-1820) led to a transition from hand tools to machines.

• Originated in the British textile industry; technology spread to the US.

• Enhanced multiple industries by late 18th century.

Page 10: Working Conditions in Factories

Factory System Transition

• Shift from home-based textile work to centralized factory work.

• Work schedules defined by factory time rather than personal choice.

Page 11: The Factory System

• Capitalists invested in factories, providing financial support for establishment.

• Factories represented good investments for owners and capitalists.

Page 12: Life in the North

Overview of Factory Conditions

• Introduction to the working environment in factories.

Page 13-16: Factory Conditions

Dangers and Challenges

• Factories often lacked proper ventilation and light.

• Long working hours (10-12 hours daily) with dangerous machinery.

• Workers typically earned significantly less than needed for a decent standard of living.

• High incidence of child labor.

Page 17: Steam Power Influence

• Adoption of steam power transformed factories, increasing flexibility in location and operation.

• Steam-powered textile factory established in 1790 marked a technological turning point.

Page 18-20: Transportation Advancements

Transportation Evolution in the North

• Development of the National Road and canals for efficient transportation of goods and people.

• Steam-powered trains expanded access, leading to over 20,000 miles of railroads constructed.

Page 21-22: Impact of Railroads

• Railroads revolutionized travel and commerce, linking cities efficiently.

• Significant dissent regarding railroad safety yet immense economic benefits.

Page 23: Maritime Innovations

• Introduction of clipper ships by the US outmatched by British steamers.

Page 24: Northern Society Overview

Demographics and Living Conditions

• 70% of Northerners resided on farms; urban areas often crowded and dirty.

• Free African Americans faced discrimination despite residing in the North.

• Immigration influx contributed to workforce in mills and factories.

Page 25-26: New Technological Innovations

Key Inventions

• Telegraph (1844): Revolutionized communication.

• Steamboat (1807): Enhanced river travel efficiency.

• Railroad (1830s): Improved land transport speed.

Page 27: Economic Impact of Innovations

• New machinery and innovations increased productivity, reducing prices and enhancing trade efficiency.

Page 28-30: Immigration Trends

Mid-1800s Immigration Factors

• Immigration surge due to various push factors, including the Irish Potato Famine.

• Urbanization fueled by industrial growth drawing workers into cities.

Page 31-32: Challenges Faced by Immigrants

Societal Reception

• Irish immigrants faced racism and violence, often relegated to low-paying jobs.

• Nativism prevalent among white Americans who opposed immigration.

Page 33-34: African American Challenges

Discrimination and Rights

• African Americans faced severe discrimination in the North, limiting access to jobs and education.

Page 35: Life in the South: Economic Structure

Overview of Southern Society

• Agricultural economy dominated, reliant on plantations and slave labor.

Page 36: Agricultural Expansion in the South

Cotton Economy Emergence

• Wealthy planters grew cotton—enhanced by cotton gin inventing—creating a reliance on slave labor.

Page 37-38: Southern Geography and Resources

Climate and Natural Resources

• Mild winters and long growing seasons due to humid climate.

Page 39-42: Cotton Production Expansion

Expansion of the Cotton Kingdom

• Cotton gin increased efficiency of cotton production, leading to a rise in slavery numbers.

Page 43-44: Transportation in the South

Economic Infrastructure

• Use of rivers and steam-powered boats for cotton transport; fewer railroads compared to the North.

Page 45-48: Southern Society Structure

Class Dynamics

• Wealth was deeply tied to land and slave ownership; social hierarchy defined by this system.

Page 49-51: Society's Social Divide

Class Distinctions and Experiences

• Class divisions: wealthy planters, small farmers, poor whites, free African Americans, and enslaved individuals.

Page 52-53: Enslaved African Americans Living Conditions

Slavery Experience

• Slaves faced extreme oppression, family separations, lack of rights, and severe punishment.

Page 54: Forms of Resistance

Rebellion and Revolts

• Instances of revolt led by slaves such as Denmark Vessey and Nat Turner emphasized fear among Southern whites.

Page 55-56: Slavery's Psychological Impact

Faith and Hope Among Slaves

• Many slaves turned to Christianity for hope amidst harsh realities.

Page 57-58: Control by the Cottonocracy

Elite Influence

• Cottonocracy maintained control over politics and society despite small numbers.

Page 59-70: Slavery in Western Expansion

Tensions Over Slavery's Spread

• Conflict over whether slavery would spread to new territories; sectional tensions escalated.

Page 71-74: The Missouri Compromise

Balancing Act

• Compromise aimed to maintain balance between slave and free states through Missouri's admission as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Page 75-77: Lasting Tensions Post-Compromise

Continued Struggles

• Missouri Compromise exposed deep-seated tensions that would lead to further conflicts between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.