Chapter 13 - North and South
Chapter 13: North and South Take Different Paths
Page 1: Introduction
Overview of contrasting developments in the North and South leading up to the Civil War.
Page 2: Life in the North and the South Prior to the Civil War
Focus on the distinct lifestyles, economies, and cultures between the regions.
Source of video reference provided for visual understanding.
Page 3: Union and Confederate Resources, 1860
Population and Resources Comparison
Population:
North: 29%
South: 71%
Railroad Mileage:
North: 86%
South: 14%
Manufacturing Plants:
North: 92%
South: 8%
Industrial Workers:
North: 71%
South: 29%
Page 4: Life in the North - Geography
Climate and Natural Resources
Climate characterized by four distinct seasons: cold winters and hot, humid summers.
Natural Resources:
Busy seaports facilitated trade due to many harbors.
Thin, rocky soil posed challenges for farming.
Dense forests and broad rivers aided agriculture and transportation.
Rich soil in plains supported good farmland.
Page 5: Industrial Growth in the North
New Machinery:
Introduction of sewing machines, steel plows, and mechanical reapers.
Transition of farm workers to northern factories due to industrial expansion.
Page 6: Communication Revolution
Samuel Morse invents the telegraph, enhancing instant communication.
Facilitated business: farmers could quickly coordinate with markets.
Reference to a video source for further insight.
Page 7: Life in the North - Economy
Economic Structure
Dominance of trade and industry shaped the northern lifestyle.
Industrial Revolution:
Transition from hand manufacturing to machine-based production.
Key facilities included Lowell Mills, primarily for textiles.
Machines played a crucial role in farming and harvesting.
Page 8: Section 1 - The Industrial Revolution
Introduction to the concept of the Industrial Revolution.
Page 9: The Industrial Revolution Overview
Key Features
1st Industrial Revolution (1760-1820) led to a transition from hand tools to machines.
Originated in the British textile industry; technology spread to the US.
Enhanced multiple industries by late 18th century.
Page 10: Working Conditions in Factories
Factory System Transition
Shift from home-based textile work to centralized factory work.
Work schedules defined by factory time rather than personal choice.
Page 11: The Factory System
Capitalists invested in factories, providing financial support for establishment.
Factories represented good investments for owners and capitalists.
Page 12: Life in the North
Overview of Factory Conditions
Introduction to the working environment in factories.
Page 13-16: Factory Conditions
Dangers and Challenges
Factories often lacked proper ventilation and light.
Long working hours (10-12 hours daily) with dangerous machinery.
Workers typically earned significantly less than needed for a decent standard of living.
High incidence of child labor.
Page 17: Steam Power Influence
Adoption of steam power transformed factories, increasing flexibility in location and operation.
Steam-powered textile factory established in 1790 marked a technological turning point.
Page 18-20: Transportation Advancements
Transportation Evolution in the North
Development of the National Road and canals for efficient transportation of goods and people.
Steam-powered trains expanded access, leading to over 20,000 miles of railroads constructed.
Page 21-22: Impact of Railroads
Railroads revolutionized travel and commerce, linking cities efficiently.
Significant dissent regarding railroad safety yet immense economic benefits.
Page 23: Maritime Innovations
Introduction of clipper ships by the US outmatched by British steamers.
Page 24: Northern Society Overview
Demographics and Living Conditions
70% of Northerners resided on farms; urban areas often crowded and dirty.
Free African Americans faced discrimination despite residing in the North.
Immigration influx contributed to workforce in mills and factories.
Page 25-26: New Technological Innovations
Key Inventions
Telegraph (1844): Revolutionized communication.
Steamboat (1807): Enhanced river travel efficiency.
Railroad (1830s): Improved land transport speed.
Page 27: Economic Impact of Innovations
New machinery and innovations increased productivity, reducing prices and enhancing trade efficiency.
Page 28-30: Immigration Trends
Mid-1800s Immigration Factors
Immigration surge due to various push factors, including the Irish Potato Famine.
Urbanization fueled by industrial growth drawing workers into cities.
Page 31-32: Challenges Faced by Immigrants
Societal Reception
Irish immigrants faced racism and violence, often relegated to low-paying jobs.
Nativism prevalent among white Americans who opposed immigration.
Page 33-34: African American Challenges
Discrimination and Rights
African Americans faced severe discrimination in the North, limiting access to jobs and education.
Page 35: Life in the South: Economic Structure
Overview of Southern Society
Agricultural economy dominated, reliant on plantations and slave labor.
Page 36: Agricultural Expansion in the South
Cotton Economy Emergence
Wealthy planters grew cotton—enhanced by cotton gin inventing—creating a reliance on slave labor.
Page 37-38: Southern Geography and Resources
Climate and Natural Resources
Mild winters and long growing seasons due to humid climate.
Page 39-42: Cotton Production Expansion
Expansion of the Cotton Kingdom
Cotton gin increased efficiency of cotton production, leading to a rise in slavery numbers.
Page 43-44: Transportation in the South
Economic Infrastructure
Use of rivers and steam-powered boats for cotton transport; fewer railroads compared to the North.
Page 45-48: Southern Society Structure
Class Dynamics
Wealth was deeply tied to land and slave ownership; social hierarchy defined by this system.
Page 49-51: Society's Social Divide
Class Distinctions and Experiences
Class divisions: wealthy planters, small farmers, poor whites, free African Americans, and enslaved individuals.
Page 52-53: Enslaved African Americans Living Conditions
Slavery Experience
Slaves faced extreme oppression, family separations, lack of rights, and severe punishment.
Page 54: Forms of Resistance
Rebellion and Revolts
Instances of revolt led by slaves such as Denmark Vessey and Nat Turner emphasized fear among Southern whites.
Page 55-56: Slavery's Psychological Impact
Faith and Hope Among Slaves
Many slaves turned to Christianity for hope amidst harsh realities.
Page 57-58: Control by the Cottonocracy
Elite Influence
Cottonocracy maintained control over politics and society despite small numbers.
Page 59-70: Slavery in Western Expansion
Tensions Over Slavery's Spread
Conflict over whether slavery would spread to new territories; sectional tensions escalated.
Page 71-74: The Missouri Compromise
Balancing Act
Compromise aimed to maintain balance between slave and free states through Missouri's admission as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
Page 75-77: Lasting Tensions Post-Compromise
Continued Struggles
Missouri Compromise exposed deep-seated tensions that would lead to further conflicts between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.