Lab Exam #2: Respiratory and Digestive Systems

Lab Exam #2 Agenda: Respiratory and Digestive Systems

Respiratory System

Major Organs/Structures

  1. Sagittal Section Examination

    • Examine a sagittal section of a human head or chart to locate the following structures. Note that structures identified with an asterisk (*) cannot be found on the models; they are available only in images.

    • Nasal Cavity

    • Oral Vestibule

    • External Nares (nostrils)

    • Internal Nares

    • Tongue (Lingual Frenulum*)

    • Nasal Vestibule

    • Tonsils:

      • Palatine

      • Lingual

      • Pharyngeal

    • Nasal Septum: Comprised of perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer.

    • Eustachian (Auditory) Tube

    • Nasal Conchae:

      • Superior

      • Middle

      • Inferior

    • Pharynx:

      • Naso-pharynx

      • Oro-pharynx

      • Laryngo-pharynx

    • Hard Palate

    • Epiglottis

    • Cricoid Cartilage

    • Arytenoid Cartilages

    • Soft Palate

    • Cheek

    • True and False Vocal Cords

    • Gingivae

    • Salivary Glands:

      • Parotid Gland

      • Sublingual Gland

      • Submandibular Gland

  2. Models Observation:

    • Larynx Model: Palpate your larynx to observe features.

    • Thoracic Organ Model:

      • Analyze Lungs:

      • Right Lung:

        • 3 Lobes:

        • Superior

        • Middle

        • Inferior

      • Left Lung:

        • 2 Lobes:

        • Superior

        • Inferior

      • Apex and Base of lungs

      • Fissures:

        • Horizontal Fissure (Right)

        • Oblique Fissure (Right and Left)

      • Carina

    • True and False Vocal Cords

    • Trachea

    • Thyroid Gland

    • Bronchi:

      • Main (Primary) Bronchi

      • Secondary Bronchi

      • Tertiary Bronchi

      • Bronchioles

      • Terminal Bronchioles*

      • Respiratory Bronchioles*

    • Esophagus

    • Diaphragm

Digestive System

Major Layers

  • Mucosa

  • Submucosa

  • Muscularis (externa)

  • Serosa

Villi Model

  • Layers

  • Lacteals

Main Organs (Reference: Torso Model)

  • Oral Cavity (Mouth)

  • Pharynx

  • Esophagus:

    • Upper* and Lower* Esophageal Sphincters

  • Stomach:

    • Regions:

      • Cardia

      • Fundus

      • Body

      • Pyloric

    • Curvatures:

      • Greater Curvature

      • Lesser Curvature

    • Pyloric and Lower Esophageal Sphincters

    • Rugae

  • Small Intestine:

    • Regions:

      • Duodenum

      • Jejunum

      • Ileum

    • Circular Folds

  • Large Intestine:

    • Regions:

      • Ileocecal Valve

      • Cecum

      • Ascending Colon

      • Transverse Colon

      • Descending Colon

      • Sigmoid Colon

    • Features:

      • Haustra

      • Teniae Coli

  • Rectum

  • Anus:

    • Internal* and External* Sphincters

  • Greater Omentum

  • *Lesser Omentum

Accessory Organs

  • Tongue

  • Jaw Model and Tooth Model:

    • Types of Teeth:

      • Incisors

      • Canine

      • Premolars

      • Molars (including Wisdom Teeth)

    • Components of Teeth:

      • Enamel

      • Dentin

      • Cementum

      • Pulp Cavity

      • Periodontal Ligament

    • Parts of Teeth:

      • Crown

      • Neck

      • Root

Digestive System Model

  • Salivary Glands:

    • Parotid Gland

    • Sublingual Gland

    • Submandibular Gland

  • Pancreas:

    • Anatomical Features:

      • Pancreatic Duct

      • Acini

      • Islets of Langerhans

  • Liver Model and Lobular Model:

    • 4 Lobes:

      • Right Lobe

      • Left Lobe

      • Quadrate Lobe

      • Caudate Lobe

    • Falciform and Round Ligaments

    • IVC Triads:

      • Hepatic Artery

      • Hepatic Portal Vein

      • Bile Duct

    • Hepatic Portal Vein

    • Sinusoids

    • Central Canal

    • Hepatocytes

  • Gallbladder:

    • Ducts:

      • Right and Left Hepatic Ducts

      • Common Hepatic Duct

      • Cystic Duct

      • Common Bile Duct