Q: What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
A: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Q: What are the main functions of the nervous system?
A: Sensory input, integration, motor control, homeostasis, and mental activity.
Divisions of the Nervous System
Q: What does the CNS include?
A: Brain and spinal cord.
Q: What does the PNS include?
A: All nervous tissue outside the CNS.
Q: What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
A: Controls voluntary movements by sending signals to skeletal muscles.
Q: What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
A: Controls involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion.
Neurons & Glial Cells
Q: What are the three types of neurons?
A: Multipolar (many dendrites, one axon), Bipolar (one dendrite, one axon), Pseudo-unipolar (single process splits into two).
Q: What are the three parts of a neuron?
A: Cell body, dendrites, and axon.
Q: What do astrocytes do?
A: Support neurons and form the blood-brain barrier.
Q: What do Schwann cells do?
A: Provide myelin in the PNS.
Myelin Sheath & Nerve Conduction
Q: What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?
A: Increases the speed of action potential transmission.
Q: What are gaps in the myelin sheath called?
A: Nodes of Ranvier.
Q: What is saltatory conduction?
A: Action potentials jump from node to node in myelinated neurons, speeding up transmission.
Membrane Potentials & Action Potentials
Q: What ion is more concentrated inside the cell at rest?
A: Potassium (K⁺).
Q: What ion is more concentrated outside the cell at rest?
A: Sodium (Na⁺).
Q: What happens during depolarization?
A: Na⁺ rushes into the cell, making it more positive.
Q: What happens during repolarization?
A: K⁺ exits the cell, restoring negative charge inside.
Q: What does the sodium-potassium pump do?
A: Maintains resting potential by pumping 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in.
Spinal Cord & Reflexes
Q: What are the two types of matter in the spinal cord?
A: Gray matter (cell bodies, inner portion) and white matter (myelinated axons, outer portion).
Q: What is a reflex?
A: An automatic response to a stimulus.
Q: What are the five components of a reflex arc?
A: Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.
Brain Regions & Functions
Q: What are the three parts of the brainstem?
A: Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
Q: What is the function of the cerebellum?
A: Controls balance, muscle tone, and fine motor coordination.
Q: What are the four lobes of the cerebrum and their functions?
Frontal lobe: Voluntary movement, decision-making, emotions.
Parietal lobe: Sensory processing (touch, pain, temperature).
Occipital lobe: Vision processing.
Temporal lobe: Hearing, smell, memory.
Cranial Nerves
Q: Which cranial nerve controls smell?
A: Olfactory (Cranial Nerve I).
Q: Which cranial nerve controls vision?
A: Optic (Cranial Nerve II).
Q: Which cranial nerve controls facial expressions?
A: Facial (Cranial Nerve VII).
Q: Which cranial nerve controls heart rate and digestion?
A: Vagus (Cranial Nerve X).
Autonomic Nervous System
Q: What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
A: Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest).
Q: What does the sympathetic division do?
A: Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and prepares the body for action.
Q: What does the parasympathetic division do?
A: Lowers heart rate, stimulates digestion, and conserves energy.
Knowt
Note
Studied by 43 people
