AP PSYCH ALL TERMS
Flashcard #1
Term: Single-Blind Study
Definition: Participants are unaware of which group (treatment or control) they are in.
Flashcard #2
Term: Double-Blind Study
Definition: Neither participants nor researchers know who is in the treatment or control group.
Flashcard #3
Term: Independent Variable
Definition: Variable manipulated by the researcher.
Flashcard #4
Term: Dependent Variable
Definition: Variable measured to see if it's affected.
Flashcard #5
Term: Confounding Variable
Definition: Uncontrolled variable influencing the relationship.
Flashcard #6
Term: Correlations
Definition: Statistical measure of how variables fluctuate together.
Flashcard #7
Term: Standard Deviation
Definition: Measure of variation in a set of values.
Flashcard #8
Term: Statistically Significant
Definition: Result unlikely due to chance.
Flashcard #9
Term: Mean
Definition: Average of a set of numbers.
Flashcard #10
Term: Mode
Definition: Most frequent value in a set of numbers.
Flashcard #11
Term: Median
Definition: Middle value in a sorted set of numbers.
Flashcard #12
Term: Operational Definitions
Definition: Detailed definition of a measure.
Flashcard #13
Term: Placebo Effect
Definition: Beneficial effect due to belief in treatment.
Flashcard #14
Term: Percentile
Definition: Value below which a given percentage falls.
Flashcard #15
Term: Skewed Distributions
Definition: Asymmetrical distribution of data.
Flashcard #16
Term: Random Assignment
Definition: Assigning participants by chance.
Flashcard #17
Term: t-test
Definition: Test for significant difference between two means.
Flashcard #18
Term: p-value
Definition: Probability of results if null hypothesis is true.
Flashcard #19
Term: Hypothesis (Null)
Definition: Statement of no effect or difference.
Flashcard #20
Term: Experiment Groups
Definition: Group receiving the treatment.
Flashcard #1
Term: Control Groups
Definition: Group used as a baseline for comparison.
Flashcard #2
Term: Naturalistic Observation
Definition: Observing subjects in their natural environment.
Flashcard #3
Term: Case Study
Definition: In-depth investigation of a single individual or group.
Flashcard #4
Term: Cross-sectional
Definition: Studies that examine data from a population at one specific point in time.
Flashcard #5
Term: Longitudinal
Definition: A research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time
Flashcard #6
Term: Ethical Guidelines
Definition: Principles of conduct governing a group
Flashcard #7
Term: Behaviorist Psychology
Definition: Emphasizes objective, observable behaviors.
Flashcard #8
Term: Cognitive Psychology
Definition: Focuses on mental processes like memory and problem-solving.
Flashcard #9
Term: Evolutionary Psychology
Definition: Explores how evolution influences behavior.
Flashcard #10
Term: Humanistic Psychology
Definition: Emphasizes individual growth and self-actualization.
Flashcard #11
Term: Socio-Cultural Psych
Definition: Studies how cultural and social contexts affect behavior.
Flashcard #12
Term: Psychoanalysis (Freud)
Definition: Focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.
Flashcard #13
Term: Structuralism (Wundt)
Definition: Identifies the basic elements of consciousness.
Flashcard #14
Term: Functionalism (James)
Definition: Focuses on the purpose of consciousness and behavior in adapting to the environment.
Flashcard #15
Term: Psychiatrist
Definition: Medical doctor specializing in mental health.
Flashcard #16
Term: Counseling psychologist
Definition: Provides therapy and counseling services.
Brain and Biology
Flashcard #1
Term: Axon Terminal
Definition: The endpoint of a neuron's axon, where signals are transmitted to other neurons or cells.
Flashcard #2
Term: Re-uptake
Definition: The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the presynaptic neuron after transmitting a signal.
Flashcard #3
Term: Antagonists
Definition: Substances that block or inhibit the action of neurotransmitters or other signaling molecules.
Flashcard #4
Term: Agonists
Definition: Substances that activate receptors and enhance the effects of neurotransmitters or other signaling molecules.
Flashcard #5
Term: Neurotransmitters
Definition: Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons at synapses.
Flashcard #6
Term: Dopamine
Definition: A neurotransmitter associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Influences movement, learning, and attention.
Flashcard #7
Term: Serotonin
Definition: A neurotransmitter that affects mood, sleep, appetite, and social behavior. Often associated with feelings of well-being.
Flashcard #8
Term: AcH (Acetylcholine)
Definition: A neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and memory. Plays a crucial role in the nervous system.
Flashcard #9
Term: GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
Definition: The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.
Flashcard #10
Term: EEG & PET
Definition: Techniques to record electrical activity in the brain (EEG) and measure metabolic activity (PET).
Flashcard #11
Term: MRI & CAT
Definition: Imaging techniques providing detailed structural views of the brain.
Flashcard #12
Term: Broca’s Area
Definition: Brain region associated with speech production.
Flashcard #13
Term: Wernicke’s Area
Definition: Brain region associated with language comprehension.
Flashcard #14
Term: Aphasia
Definition: Language disorder affecting the ability to communicate.
Flashcard #15
Term: Limbic - Hypothalamus
Definition: Brain structure involved in regulating bodily functions and motivated behaviors
Flashcard #16
Term: Limbic - Thalamus
Definition: Brain structure that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
Flashcard #17
Term: Limbic - Amygdala
Definition: Brain structure involved in processing emotions, especially fear and aggression.
Flashcard #18
Term: Medulla
Definition: Part of the brainstem responsible for vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
Flashcard #19
Term: Pons
Definition: Part of the brainstem involved in motor control and sensory analysis.
Flashcard #20
Term: Hippocampus
Definition: Brain structure involved in forming and storing memories.
Flashcard #21
Term: Cerebellum
Definition: Brain structure that coordinates movement and balance.
Flashcard #22
Term: 4 Lobes (F.P.O.T.)
Definition: The frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Flashcard #23
Term: Corpus Callosum
Definition: The band of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
Flashcard #24
Term: Hemispheres (R+L)
Definition: The right and left halves of the brain, each with specialized functions.
Flashcard #25
Term: Plasticity
Definition: The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.
Flashcard #26
Term: Sympathetic
Definition: The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for fight or flight.
Flashcard #27
Term: Parasympathetic
Definition: The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body after a crisis.
Sensation/Perception
Flashcard #1
Term: Absolute Threshold
Definition: Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Flashcard #2
Term: Difference Threshold
Definition: Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time; also called just noticeable difference (JND)
Flashcard #3
Term: Sensory Adaptation
Definition: Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus
Flashcard #4
Term: Weber’s Law
Definition: The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
Flashcard #5
Term: Signal Detection Theory
Definition: A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.
Flashcard #6
Term: Transduction
Definition: Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
Flashcard #7
Term: Parallel Processing
Definition: The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
Flashcard #8
Term: Rods
Definition: Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
Flashcard #9
Term: Cones
Definition: Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
Flashcard #10
Term: Fovea
Definition: The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.
Flashcard #11
Term: Vestibular Sense
Definition: The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.
Flashcard #12
Term: Anosmia
Definition: Loss of the sense of smell, either total or partial. It may be caused by head injury, infection, or blockage of the nasal passages.
Flashcard #13
Term: Accommodation
Definition: Process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
Flashcard #14
Term: Color Vision Theories
Definition: Two major theories related to the human ability to see and perceive color - Trichromatic theory and Opponent-process theory
Flashcard #15
Term: Gate-Control Theory
Definition: The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” is opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
Flashcard #16
Term: Top-Down Processing
Definition: Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
Flashcard #17
Term: Bottom-Up Processing
Definition: Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
Flashcard #18
Term: Gestalt psychology
Definition: A school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. Originating in Austria and Germany during the early 20th century, it emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Flashcard #19
Term: Depth Perception
Definition: The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (height, width, and depth) and to judge the distance of objects.
Flashcard #20
Term: Monocular Cues
Definition: Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
Flashcard #21
Term: Retinal Disparity
Definition: A binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
Flashcard #22
Term: Selective Attention
Definition: The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Flashcard #23
Term: Schema
Definition: A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. Schemas are mental representations of how we expect the world to be.
Flashcard #24
Term: Stroop Effect
Definition: The difficulty in naming the colors of printed words when the colors and the words conflict. It demonstrates the interference in reaction time of a task.
States of Consciousness
Flashcard #1
Term: Circadian Cycle
Definition: A natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours.
Flashcard #2
Term: REM and N-REM Sleep
Definition: Two main states of sleep: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (N-REM) sleep, which has several stages of deeper sleep.
Flashcard #3
Term: REM rebound
Definition: The increased intensity of REM sleep after a period of REM sleep deprivation.
Flashcard #4
Term: Manifest/ Latent Content
Definition: In dream analysis, manifest content refers to the literal content and storyline of a dream, while latent content refers to the hidden psychological meaning of the dream.
Flashcard #5
Term: Narcolepsy
Definition: A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep.
Flashcard #6
Term: Insomnia
Definition: A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
Flashcard #7
Term: Apnea
Definition: A sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts, causing a drop in blood oxygen levels.
Flashcard #8
Term: Stimulants
Definition: Drugs that increase alertness, energy, and attention.
Flashcard #9
Term: Depressants
Definition: Drugs that slow down brain activity, causing relaxation and drowsiness.
Flashcard #10
Term: Hallucinogens
Definition: Drugs that alter perception, thought, and mood, often producing hallucinations.
Flashcard #11
Term: Cycle of Addiction
Definition: The stages of becoming addicted to something
Flashcard #12
Term: Tolerance
Definition: The reduced effect of a drug after repeated use, requiring the user to increase the dosage to achieve the desired effect.
Flashcard #13
Term: Dependency
Definition: The state of relying on something
Flashcard #14
Term: Addiction
Definition: Compulsive engagement with a stimulus
Flashcard #15
Term: Withdrawal
Definition: The unpleasant symptoms that occur when someone stops using a drug to which they are addicted.
Flashcard #16
Term: Sobriety
Definition: The state of not being addicted
Flashcard #17
Term: Relapse
Definition: The return to addiction
Flashcard #18
Term: Drug-Seeking Behaviors
Definition: Activities that a person that is addicted does to obtain stimulus
Flashcard #1
Term: Classical Conditioning
Definition: A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually eliciting a conditioned response.
Flashcard #2
Term: Extinction
Definition: The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Flashcard #3
Term: Association
Definition: A connection or link between ideas, events, or things.
Flashcard #4
Term: Spontaneous Recovery
Definition: The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Flashcard #5
Term: Generalization
Definition: The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Flashcard #6
Term: Discrimination
Definition: The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Flashcard #7
Term: Counter Conditioning
Definition: A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning.
Flashcard #8
Term: Operant Conditioning
Definition: A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Flashcard #9
Term: Reinforcers (4)
Definition: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. The four types are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcement, and secondary reinforcement.
Flashcard #10
Term: Punishment Types (2)
Definition: An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. The two types are positive punishment and negative punishment.
Flashcard #11
Term: Reinforcement Schedules (4)
Definition: A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. The four types are fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules.
Flashcard #12
Term: Social Learning
Definition: Learning by observing others; also called observational learning.
Flashcard #13
Term: Bandura & Modeling
Definition: Albert Bandura's theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
Flashcard #14
Term: Bobo Doll Study
Definition: A study performed by Albert Bandura that demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behavior.
Flashcard #15
Term: Self-efficacy
Definition: One's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.
Flashcard #16
Term: Learned Helplessness
Definition: A condition that occurs after a period of repeated exposure to uncontrollable events in which an animal or human learns to behave in a helpless manner, even when presented with new opportunities to escape.
Flashcard #17
Term: Cognitive Maps
Definition: A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.
Flashcard #18
Term: Watson (Baby Albert)
Definition: John B. Watson classically conditioned a fear response in a young child named Albert to demonstrate that emotions could be learned.
Flashcard #19
Term: Taste Aversion (Garcia)
Definition: John Garcia discovered that organisms can quickly learn to avoid foods that are associated with illness, even if the illness occurs long after the food was consumed.
Flashcard #20
Term: Thorndike Law of Effect
Definition: Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
Cognition
Flashcard #1
Term: Eye Witness Bias
Definition: The tendency for the memory of an event to be altered after the event occurs, often due to misleading post-event information.
Flashcard #2
Term: 3 Memory Functions (E, S, R)
Definition: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval - the three fundamental processes involved in memory.
Flashcard #3
Term: Serial Position Effect
Definition: The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than items in the middle.
Flashcard #4
Term: Chunking & Mnemonics
Definition: Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Mnemonics: memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Flashcard #5
Term: Long Term Potentiation
Definition: A persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. It is a neural basis for learning and memory.
Flashcard #6
Term: Implicit Memories
Definition: Memories that are formed without conscious awareness.
Flashcard #7
Term: Procedural
Definition: A type of implicit memory related to skills and habits (e.g., riding a bike).
Flashcard #8
Term: Explicit Memories
Definition: Memories that are consciously recalled.
Flashcard #9
Term: Semantic
Definition: A type of explicit memory related to facts and general knowledge.
Flashcard #10
Term: Episodic (flashbulb)
Definition: A type of explicit memory related to personal experiences and events. Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed memories of significant events.
Flashcard #11
Term: Infantile Amnesia
Definition: The inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories before the age of 2–4 years.
Flashcard #12
Term: George Miller Magic #7
Definition: Refers to the idea that short-term memory can only hold 7 (plus or minus 2) pieces of information at a time.
Flashcard #13
Term: Repression
Definition: The psychological attempt to repel one's own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious.
Flashcard #14
Term: Types of Amnesia
Definition: Anterograde (inability to form new memories) and Retrograde (inability to recall past memories).
Flashcard #15
Term: Ebbing. Forgetting curve
Definition: A curve that illustrates the decline in memory retention over time.
Flashcard #16
Term: State Dependent
Definition: The phenomenon where recall of information is improved when in the same physical or mental state as when the information was encoded.
Flashcard #17
Term: Proactive Interferences
Definition: When old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.
Flashcard #18
Term: Retroactive Interference
Definition: When new information hinders the recall of old information.
Flashcard #19
Term: Framing
Definition: The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Flashcard #20
Term: Representative Heuristics
Definition: A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case.
Flashcard #21
Term: Availability Heuristics
Definition: A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.
Flashcard #22
Term: Algorithms
Definition: A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Flashcard #23
Term: Mental Set
Definition: A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
Flashcard #24
Term: Metacognition
Definition: Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
Flashcard #25
Term: Convergent Thinking
Definition: Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
Flashcard #26
Term: Divergent Thinking
Definition: Expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions).
Flashcard #27
Term: Functional Fixedness
Definition: The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Flashcard #28
Term: Confirmation Bias
Definition: A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
Flashcard #29
Term: Self-Serving Bias
Definition: A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
Flashcard #30
Term: Norm Chomsky = L.A.D.
Definition: Noam Chomsky proposed that humans are equipped with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language.
Flashcard #31
Term: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Definition: The hypothesis that language determines the way we think (also known as the Whorf hypothesis).
Flashcard #32
Term: Skinner & Language
Definition: B.F. Skinner believed that language is learned through reinforcement and imitation.
Flashcard #33
Term: Phonemes
Definition: The basic units of sound in a language.
Flashcard #1
Term: Incentive Theory
Definition: Motivation is driven by the desire for incentives or rewards.
Flashcard #2
Term: Intrinsic Motivation
Definition: Motivation that arises from internal factors, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.
Flashcard #3
Term: Extrinsic Motivation
Definition: Motivation that comes from external factors, such as rewards or punishments.
Flashcard #4
Term: Drive Reduction Theory
Definition: Motivation arises from the need to reduce internal drives, such as hunger or thirst.
Flashcard #5
Term: Achievement Motivation
Definition: The desire to excel or succeed in challenging tasks.
Flashcard #6
Term: Bulimia
Definition: An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging behaviors.
Flashcard #7
Term: Anorexia
Definition: An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.
Flashcard #8
Term: Binge-Eating Disorder
Definition: An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food without compensatory behaviors.
Flashcard #9
Term: Lewin’s Stress Conflicts
Definition: Conflicts that arise when individuals must choose between different options, each with varying degrees of attractiveness or aversiveness.
Flashcard #10
Term: Hans Selye = G.A.S. (General Adaptation Syndrome)
Definition:A three-stage model of the body's physiological reactions to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Flashcard #1
Term: Imprinting (Lorenz)
Definition: The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
Flashcard #2
Term: Harlow Monkey Study
Definition: A series of experiments conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, which studied the behavior of rhesus monkeys in controlled environments.
Flashcard #3
Term: Ainsworth Attachment
Definition: A system developed to describe the different kinds of emotional bonds children form with their caregivers.
Flashcard #4
Term: Prenatal Development
Definition: The process of growth and development within the womb, covering the stages of germinal, embryonic, and fetal development.
Flashcard #5
Term: Twin studies
Definition: Research studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins, used to unravel the roles of genetics and environment.
Flashcard #6
Term: Heritability
Definition: The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes.
Flashcard #7
Term: Gender Differences
Definition: Observed differences in behavior, cognition, and emotion between males and females.
Flashcard #8
Term: Visual Cliff
Definition: An apparatus used to investigate depth perception in human and animal infants.
Flashcard #9
Term: Jean Piaget
Definition: A Swiss psychologist known for his work on child development and cognitive theory.
Flashcard #10
Term: Sensorimotor
Definition: Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, in which infants learn about the world through their senses and actions.
Flashcard #11
Term: Object Permanence
Definition: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
Flashcard #12
Term: Pre-Operational
Definition: Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, in which children begin to use symbols and language but lack logical reasoning.
Flashcard #13
Term: Egocentric
Definition: The inability to see the world from another person's perspective.
Flashcard #14
Term: Conservation
Definition: The understanding that the quantity of something remains the same despite changes in appearance.
Flashcard #15
Term: Concrete Operational
Definition: Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, in which children develop logical thinking about concrete events.
Flashcard #16
Term: Formal Operational
Definition: Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, in which individuals develop abstract and hypothetical thinking.
Flashcard #17
Term: Critics
Definition: Limitations and challenges to Piaget's theory, including cultural variations and underestimation of children's abilities.
Flashcard #18
Term: Kubler-Ross & Grief
Definition: A model describing the stages of grief and dying, including denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
Flashcard #19
Term: Erik Erikson 8 crises
Definition: A theory that explains the different conflicts from birth to death; trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, and integrity vs despair
Flashcard #1
Term: Traits Theory
Definition: Focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics, often emphasizing the stability of these traits over time.
Flashcard #2
Term: CANOE
Definition: An acronym representing the Five Factor Model of personality: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Extraversion.
Flashcard #3
Term: ID
Definition: The primal part of personality driven by desires and instincts.
Flashcard #4
Term: Ego
Definition: The rational part that mediates between the ID and reality.
Flashcard #5
Term: Superego
Definition: The ethical component that represents moral standards and ideals.
Flashcard #6
Term: Projective Style Tests
Definition: Psychological assessment tools designed to reveal hidden emotions and internal conflicts through ambiguous stimuli.
Flashcard #7
Term: Rorschach Inkblot Test
Definition: Participants interpret a series of inkblots, revealing aspects of their personality.
Flashcard #8
Term: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition: Participants create stories based on pictures, providing insight into their motivations and experiences.
Flashcard #9
Term: UCPR
Definition: Unconscious Conditional Positive Regard, indicating acceptance based on conditions.
Flashcard #10
Term: CPR
Definition: Conditional Positive Regard, acceptance based on fulfilling specific conditions or expectations.
Flashcard #1
Term: Objective Style Tests
Definition: Standardized psychological tests that measure personality traits and characteristics using fixed responses, allowing for comparisons between individuals.
Flashcard #2
Term: Internal locus of control
Definition: Belief that one’s own actions significantly influence outcomes.
Flashcard #3
Term: External locus of control
Definition: Belief that outcomes are determined by external factors or luck.
Flashcard #1
Term: Reliability
Definition: The consistency of a measure (does it produce the same results under the same conditions?)
Flashcard #2
Term: Validity
Definition: The accuracy of a measure (does it measure what it’s supposed to measure?)
Flashcard #3
Term: Achievement
Definition: A measure of knowledge and skills gained from experience
Flashcard #4
Term: Aptitude
Definition: A measure of the potential for future learning and success
Flashcard #5
Term: (g)
Definition: A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities
Flashcard #6
Term: Howard Gardner
Definition: Proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, suggesting that there are different types of intelligence
Flashcard #7
Term: IQ
Definition: A standardized measure of intelligence, typically with a mean of 100
Flashcard #8
Term: Crystallized/Fluid
Definition: Crystallized intelligence is accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, while fluid intelligence is the ability to reason abstractly
Flashcard #1
Term: Schizophrenia Spectrum
Definition: A range of related mental disorders characterized by disruptions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior.
Flashcard #2
Term: Anxiety Disorders
Definition: A group of mental disorders characterized by excessive fear, worry, and related behavioral disturbances.
Flashcard #3
Term: MDD
Definition: Major Depressive Disorder, characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms affecting daily life.
Flashcard #4
Term: Bi-Polar I and II
Definition: Bipolar disorders involving alternating periods of mania and depression, with varying degrees of severity and duration.
Flashcard #5
Term: Rosenhan Study
Definition: A study challenging the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses, where pseudo-patients gained admission to mental hospitals.
Flashcard #6
Term: Trauma-Related
Definition: Disorders resulting from exposure to traumatic or stressful events, such as PTSD.
Flashcard #7
Term: DSM Axis I thru V
Definition: A historical multiaxial system for diagnosing mental disorders, considering clinical disorders, personality disorders, medical conditions, psychosocial factors, and global functioning.
Flashcard #8
Term: PD’s (Clusters A, B, C)
Definition: Personality disorders grouped into clusters based on similar characteristics: Cluster A (odd or eccentric), Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic), and Cluster C (anxious or fearful).
Flashcard #9
Term: Feeding and Eating
Definition: Disorders characterized by persistent disturbances of eating or eating-related behavior.
Flashcard #10
Term: Neurodevelopmental
Definition: Disorders that manifest early in development and are characterized by developmental deficits.
Flashcard #1
Term: R.E.B.T.
Definition: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. REBT focuses on helping individuals identify, challenge, and change irrational beliefs and thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress and problematic behaviors.
Flashcard #2
Term: Cognitive Triad
Definition: Negative views about the self, the world, and the future
Flashcard #3
Term: Flooding
Definition: A form of behavior therapy used to treat anxieties. It involves exposing the patient to their feared stimulus without any form of gradual build-up
Flashcard #4
Term: Systematic Desensitization
Definition: A treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.
Flashcard #5
Term: Aversion
Definition: A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response.
Flashcard #6
Term: Dream Analysis
Definition: A psychoanalytic technique in which a patient's dreams are interpreted to uncover unconscious desires and conflicts.
Flashcard #7
Term: Active Listening
Definition: A communication technique used in counseling, training, and conflict resolution. It requires that the listener fully concentrates, understands, responds and then remembers what is being said
Flashcard #8
Term: Token Economy
Definition: A system of behavior modification based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or 'tokens' that can be exchanged for other reinforcers.
Flashcard #9
Term: Psychopharmacology
Definition: The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Flashcard #1
Term: Group Think
Definition: The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.
Flashcard #2
Term: Group Polarization
Definition: The tendency for members of a group discussing an attitude or belief to strengthen their opinions, resulting in a more extreme judgement than they would have made individually.
Flashcard #3
Term: Self-Serving Bias
Definition: The tendency to attribute positive events to one's own character but attribute negative events to external factors.
Flashcard #4
Term: Social Facilitation
Definition: The improvement in performance of a task in the presence of others.
Flashcard #5
Term: Social Inhibition
Definition: The conscious or subconscious constraint on an individual's actions or behavior due to the presence of others.
Flashcard #6
Term: De-individuation
Definition: The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
Flashcard #7
Term: Diffusion of Responsibility
Definition: A sociological concept that states that people are less likely to take action in a situation if there are many other people present.
Flashcard #8
Term: Bystander Effect
Definition: The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
Flashcard #9
Term: In-group bias
Definition: The tendency to favor one's own group.
Flashcard #10
Term: Mere Exposure Effect
Definition: The tendency to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
Flashcard #11
Term: Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition: The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others' behavior.
Flashcard #12
Term: Foot-in-the-door
Definition: A compliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a small request, then following up with a larger request.
Flashcard #13
Term: Milgram Study
Definition: A social psychology experiment where subjects administered electric shocks to others when instructed by an authority figure. It highlights the dangers of obedience to authority.
Flashcard #14
Term: Zimbardo Study
Definition: A social psychology experiment where students played the roles of prisoners and guards in a simulated prison. It demonstrated the power of the situation to influence behavior.
Flashcard #15
Term: Asch Study
Definition: A series of experiments conducted that demonstrated the power of conformity in groups.
Flashcard #16
Term: Cognitive Dissonance
Definition: The mental discomfort experienced by a person who simultaneously holds two or more conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values.