PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A gene is defined as a segment of DNA that contains information for the body.
Transcription is the specific biological process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
During this process, RNA Polymerase is used to synthesize RNA from DNA.
In the genetic sequence for RNA, Uracil is used as a base instead of Thymine.
The mRNA (messenger RNA) is synthesized in the Nucleus and subsequently moves into the cytoplasm.
The mRNA carries a coded message from the DNA, which contains the specific instructions and codes for amino acids.

The code for each individual amino acid consists of a sequence of three nucleotides, which is known as a 'triplet codon'.
Each mRNA molecule is composed of thousands of these triplet codons.
Dr. Har Govind Khorana, a scientist of Indian origin, made a seminal contribution to genetics by discovering the triplet codons for all $20$ amino acids.
For his significant discovery, Dr. Har Govind Khorana was awarded the Nobel Prize in $1968$ , sharing the honor with two other scientists.
The sequence of bases in the DNA ( $A-T-G-C$ ) represents the stored genetic information, whereas the mRNA carries the complementary sequence.

Translation is the process by which the message on the mRNA is decoded to perform protein synthesis.
tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules are responsible for bringing scattered amino acids to the ribosome according to the message on the mRNA.
To facilitate this, tRNA possesses an 'anticodon,' which consists of a complementary nucleotide sequence to the specific codon present on the mRNA.
The amino acids brought by the tRNA are joined together by peptide bonds.
The formation of these peptide bonds between amino acids is performed with the help of rRNA (ribosomal RNA).

Translocation is defined as the process during which the ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule.
The ribosome moves from one end of the mRNA strand to the other end.
This movement occurs in steps, with the ribosome shifting by the distance of exactly one triplet codon at a time.
After translocation and translation, many amino acid chains come together to form complex proteins.
These complex proteins are vital as they control various functions within the bodies of living organisms as well as their physical appearance.

Living organisms produce offspring similar to themselves because genes are transmitted from one generation to the next.
While many genes are transmitted without any changes, sudden changes can occur within the genetic sequence.
A Mutation is a minor change that occurs when any nucleotide of a gene changes its position.
Mutations vary in their impact; some may be minor, while others can be considerable.
A notable example of a genetic disorder caused by mutation is sickle cell anaemia.
Ultimately, genes are responsible for making proteins, and these proteins control the characters and traits of the organism.