Exam Review: Key Vocabulary and Concepts

Part 2 - Popular Person

Mathematical Calculation: An initial calculation 5 + 6 + 6 + 5 = 22 was incorrectly interpreted as 5.5. This calculation likely pertains to an early stage or a specific data set, requiring further context for precise interpretation.
Self-Identification:
- Exhibits a profound fascination with technology, actively engaging with new gadgets, software, and digital trends; proudly identifies as a tech-savvy individual, always eager to explore innovations.
Public Speaking Skills:
- Possesses exceptional oratorical abilities, consistently described as an eloquent speaker. This talent has led them to consciously choose a professional or personal path that heavily involves public address and communication.
Symbolism and Communication Skills:
- The phrase "push the boundary" metaphorically refers to an assertive drive to maximize limits, challenge conventional norms, and innovate beyond existing parameters.
- "Respect" in this context signifies deep admiration and high regard; the individual consistently looks up to and values those who demonstrate outstanding leadership qualities and achieve remarkable feats.
Definition of Communication:
- Emphasizes the critical importance of creating a "natural place" or an environment where communication flows organically, without forced interactions or artificial constraints, to foster genuine connection and understanding.
Diving:
- Used metaphorically, "diving" expresses a profound need "needa" to delve deeply into, meticulously explore, and thoroughly understand distinct and often varied perspectives or viewpoints.
Language Nuances and Pausing:
- In-depth examination of the specific usage of words like "have" (implying possession or experience) and "always" (indicating habitual action or continuous state) within discourse. This analysis also includes observed strategic pausing in conversation, noting its impact on emphasis and meaning.

Page 1

Temperature Variations: The note focuses on observable temperature variations, particularly in diverse geographical regions. The inclusion of the word "many" without explicit context suggests a broad range of data points or locations experiencing these fluctuations, implying widespread meteorological phenomena.

Page 2

Expression of Enjoyment:
- The idiom "have a whale of a time" vividly suggests a period of exceptionally vigorous and enthusiastic enjoyment, implying a highly memorable and positive experience.
Recent Change:
- A recent calculation, with inputs 6 + 7 + 6 + 5, yields a sum of 24. The resulting 6.0 suggests this calculation might represent an average or a specific metric, indicating a recent update or data point within a changing trend.
Introduction of a Character:
- A character is explicitly described as a "real couch potato," a vivid idiom indicating an individual who prefers a relaxed, sedentary, or inactive lifestyle, spending extensive time indoors, often watching television.
Decision Making:
- The phrase "I have decide" (should be "I have decided") unequivocally indicates a moment of firm decisiveness, highlighting the commitment to a particular course of action.
- This decision is bolstered by an inspired feeling, leading to a state characterized as "on cloud nine," which profoundly reflects immense contentment, joy, and satisfaction.

Various Changes and Trends

Notable Transformations: A series of significant transformations have been observed, indicating distinct shifts and evolutionary trends particularly evident in the careers and performance trajectories of successful athletes over many operational years. These changes could encompass training methodologies, competitive strategies, or sustained peak performance levels.

Page 3

Overall Findings:
- Analysis of various studied locations consistently demonstrates sustained growth across multiple sectors or metrics.
- It was noted that only a single hospital within the entire study experienced a decline in its patient visits, indicating its unique challenge against a backdrop of general growth.
Introductory Overview:
- The introductory overview details a line graph that meticulously displays the fluctuating proportions of weekly patients across several hospitals within a specific European nation, tracking trends from the year 2004 up to 2018.

Page 4

Successful Areas Noted:
- Significant increases were specifically observed and documented in the regions of Fortsmith, Adlin, Stanton, and Bardley, signaling robust development or improved services in these locations.
Declined Location:
- Oxley notably experienced a reduction in its figures, with specific details elaborated upon elsewhere, pointing to a negative trend or a challenge unique to that area.
Hospital Statistics:
- Patients in both Bradley and Forsmith showed a gradual but consistent rise, starting from approximately 200 patients in 2004 and increasing to around 250 and 220 respectively by 2010.
- Subsequent fluctuations were recorded between 2010 and 2016, indicating dynamic shifts in patient numbers. Notably, Adlin demonstrated considerable growth, soaring to almost 250 patients by 2018, while Stanton experienced a more incremental increase, reaching 150 patients over the same period.

Page 5

Energy Production Insights:
- A bar chart provides a clear visual representation of the cumulative energy produced solely by wind power across four distinct nations over a 15-year period, specifically from 1985 to 2000.
Trends and Observations: Observations from the chart include a significant and pervasive upward trend in the adoption and production of renewable energy across most nations. However, one specific nation notably faced a temporary decline in its wind energy production figures between 1990 and 1995, presenting an interesting anomaly in the overall pattern.
Leading Nation:
- The United States consistently dominated the production figures throughout the period, reaching an impressive peak from approximately 1200 units in 1985 to around 1650 units by 1990, before experiencing a slight but temporary decline in subsequent years.

Page 6

Growth Patterns:
- Both India and Denmark demonstrated continuous and steady increases in their wind energy production, escalating from initial figures of 200 units in 1985 to approximately 420 units by 1990, indicative of growing investment and development.
- Following this, Denmark experienced particularly exponential growth between 1990 and 1995, wherein its production rapidly expanded to reach around 1200 units, demonstrating a rapid acceleration in its renewable energy sector.

Page 7

Market Share Trends for Online Retail:
- 2003 Data: Initial market allocations for online retail indicated that Travel held the largest share at 36%, followed by Clothes at 24%, Film and Music at 21%, and Books at 19%.
- 2013 Data: A significant shift occurred; Film and Music surged impressively to 33%, thereby redefining it as the largest category in the online retail market. Conversely, Travel experienced a decline to 29% but still maintained its position as the second-largest category. Books showed a fractional increase to 22%, whereas the Clothes category saw a notable decline to 16%, indicating changing consumer preferences and market dynamics over the decade.

Page 8

Underground Railway Networks Illustration:
- This section provides detailed illustrations of various underground railway networks, specifying their operational duration (age), total route length in kilometers, and annual ridership figures across six major urban areas worldwide.
Observation: A key observation highlights that older, often more extensive systems (longer distances) tend to be less popular in terms of annual ridership, while contemporary or newer systems, despite potentially having shorter route lengths, consistently demonstrate significantly higher passenger numbers, suggesting efficiency improvements or adaptation to modern urban needs.

Page 9

Metro System Comparison:
- London's historic underground network, established earliest and possessing the longest route at 394 km, paradoxically recorded the lowest annual ridership among the comparisons at 775 million passengers.
- In stark contrast, Tokyo's metro system, noted as the most modern among those compared, exhibited the highest annual ridership, serving 1928 million passengers, underscoring its efficiency and high demand.
Contemporary Networks:
- The contemporary networks include systems in Washington DC, Kyoto, and Los Angeles. These newer systems place significant emphasis on sophisticated infrastructure, advanced technological integration, and optimized passenger flow to meet the demands of modern metropolitan transport.

Page 10

Conditional Structures in Grammar:
- First Conditional (Likely Future): This structure is used for situations that are real or likely to happen in the future. The grammatical rule is: If + present simple, subject + modal verb (will/may/might/can/should) + base form of the verb (v1).
  - Examples:
    - "If I work hard, I may be rich." (expresses a real possibility)
    - "Should I work hard, I may be rich." (an alternative, more formal phrasing)
    - "If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home." (predicting a likely outcome)
- Variations Indicating Future Possibility: Different modal verbs (will, may, might, can, should) introduce nuances of certainty, possibility, ability, or advice into the future outcome.
- Second Conditional (Unreal Present): This structure is used for hypothetical or imaginary situations in the present or future that are unlikely to happen. The grammatical rule is: If + past simple, subject + would/could/might + base form of the verb (v1).
- Third Conditional (Impossible Past): This structure is used to talk about hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen, expressing regret or a different outcome. The grammatical rule is: If + past perfect, subject + would/could/might + have + past participle of the verb (v3).

Page 11

Grammar Examples:
- This section provides detailed examples for explaining various conditional structures, thereby highlighting the subtle nuances and complexities involved in expressing hypothetical situations in English grammar. It covers how slight changes in verb tense and structure can significantly alter the meaning.
- Mixed Conditional Structures: The note further explains Mixed Conditional Structures with relevant examples, demonstrating the advanced flexibility in language use, where different parts of a conditional sentence refer to different time frames (e.g., a past condition with a present result, or a present condition with a past result).

Page 12

Bicycle Usage and Congestion:
- This section poses specific questions regarding local bike riding habits, inquiring about frequency, purpose, and preferred routes. It also integrates a clear recognition of the pervasive issue of road congestion in urban areas and how it impacts or is influenced by bicycle usage.

Page 13

Clothing and Social Preferences: This section offers an in-depth emphasis on the intricate relationship between clothing choices and social preferences across diverse contexts. It explores how attire reflects cultural norms, personal identity, and group affiliations, impacting social interactions and perceptions in various settings.

Page 14

Multilingual Identity:
- This section extensively discusses the journey of language acquisition and attained proficiency, detailing an individual's multilingual identity. Specifically, it notes Thai as the mother tongue, English as a thoroughly acquired second language, Chinese as a proficient third language, and conversational ability in Japanese, showcasing a comprehensive linguistic profile.

Page 15

Complex Sentence Structures:
- The note emphasizes the strategic inclusion of various grammatical structures to enhance sentence complexity. It provides concrete examples of how to effectively vary verb tenses and clause types to facilitate exceptionally smoother and more sophisticated writing, particularly relevant for high-stakes examinations like IELTS. For instance, using a mix of simple, compound, and complex sentences with appropriate tense shifts can significantly improve coherence and flow.

Pages 16-27

Mixed Content: This extensive section covers a diverse array of linguistic and academic topics, including detailed explorations of language nuances, advanced academic expressions, and innovative methods to markedly improve engagement within academic environments. It likely includes practical advice for students to refine their communication and learning skills.

Pages 28-31

Discussion on City Design:
- This section provides a comprehensive discussion on key considerations for effective city design, encompassing both aesthetic appeal and the critical functionality of urban infrastructure. It details the multifaceted impacts of thoughtful design on public health outcomes, the efficiency of transportation networks, and the equitable provision of housing needs within urban populations.

Page 32

Social Media Communication:
- This section offers a detailed analysis of the multifaceted benefits and inherent drawbacks associated with social media communication. It specifically emphasizes how the rapidity and widespread dissemination capabilities of digital communication platforms pose significant risks, primarily the potential for misinformation and disinformation to spread quickly and unchecked.

Page 33-78

Academic Writing Structures, Grammar, and Exercises:
- This substantial section is dedicated to refining academic writing skills, providing a comprehensive summarization of essential tasks related to effective essay writing, continuous vocabulary improvement strategies, and the mastery of coherent structural frameworks. Multiple detailed examples are provided throughout to consolidate comprehension and facilitate practical application, ranging from paragraph construction to full essay outlines.

Final Observations:

Effective Learning Techniques:
- The transcript consistently documents that effective learning is bolstered by continuous engagement with examples of vocabulary improvement, regular practice through grammar exercises, and a persistent focus on developing coherent writing styles across various academic contexts.
Continuous Reinforcement: These elements are not isolated but are iterated and reinforced throughout the entire transcript, highlighting their foundational importance in achieving academic proficiency and communication mastery.

Language and Writing Skills

Complex Sentence Structures

Employ Varied Tenses: To achieve exceptionally smoother and more sophisticated writing proficiency, particularly vital in IELTS contexts, it is crucial to actively and strategically vary your sentence structures. For instance, Page 15 explicitly highlights "examples of how to vary tenses to facilitate smoother writing in IELTS contexts," suggesting the use of present perfect, past perfect, future conditionals, and more to create a rich linguistic tapestry.
Master Conditional Structures: Demonstrate advanced grammatical control and nuance by correctly and flexibly using different conditional types:
- First Conditional (Likely Future): Its structure is If + present simple, subject + modal verb (will, may, might, can, should) + base form of the verb (v1). Example: "If I work hard, I may be rich." (as seen on Page 10). This expresses a probable future outcome based on a present condition.
- Second Conditional (Unreal Present): Its structure is If + past simple, subject + would/could/might + base form of the verb (v1). (as seen on Page 10). This describes a hypothetical and often improbable situation in the present or future and its potential consequence.
- Third Conditional (Impossible Past): Its structure is If + past perfect, subject + would/could/might + have + past participle of the verb (v3). (as seen on Page 10). This is used to express regret or to describe a hypothetical past action and its hypothetical past result.
- Actively explore and integrate Mixed Conditional Structures to demonstrate exceptional flexibility in language, as meticulously explained with relevant examples on Page 11. These structures combine elements of different conditional types to reflect specific relationships between actions and consequences across various timeframes.

Language Nuances and Academic Expressions

Precision in Discourse: Cultivate an acute awareness and pay exceptionally close attention to the specific usage of words, their subtle connotations, and their broader implications within various communicative contexts. As noted in Part 2 under "Language Nuances and Pausing," meticulously examining the usage of specific words like "have" (e.g., indicating experience vs. possession) and "always" (e.g., expressing frequency vs. an unchanging truth) in discourse can significantly refine your expression, making it more accurate and impactful.
Diverse Academic Vocabulary: Pages 16-27 extensively cover a "diverse array of language nuances [and] academic expressions." Actively and consistently integrating these sophisticated terms and phrases into your writing will not only enhance clarity and precision but is also crucial for meeting the stringent demands of academic tasks and demonstrating a mature command of the language.
Explore Distinct Perspectives: "Diving" (used metaphorically) into deep exploration of distinct and varied perspectives, as explicitly mentioned in Part 2, is a foundational analytical skill. This practice encourages critical thinking and leads to the formulation of richer, more balanced arguments and well-rounded discussions in essays and academic discourse.

Engagement in Academic Environments

Active Learning Methods: Pages 16-27 strongly suggest exploring "methods to improve engagement in academic environments." This comprehensively includes embracing active learning techniques such as analytical reading and interpretation of complex data (as visually represented in Pages 1-9 with various charts and graphs) and engaging in critical discussion of complex topics (e.g., the detailed "City Design" on Pages 28-31, and the nuanced "Social Media Communication" on Page 32). Active participation fosters deeper understanding and retention.

Academic Writing and Grammar

Refining Writing Skills

Structure and Coherence: Focus diligently on mastering the "summarization of tasks related to essay writing, vocabulary improvement, and coherent structures," as extensively iterated across Pages 33-78. This involves understanding how to organize ideas logically, connect paragraphs smoothly, and ensure your arguments follow a clear, easy-to-follow progression from introduction to conclusion.
Data Interpretation and Reporting: For academic tasks specifically requiring meticulous data description (such as IELTS Academic Task 1), practice presenting "Overall Findings," providing a concise "Introductory Overview," highlighting "Successful Areas Noted," and detailing any "Declined Location" with exceptional clarity, precision, and conciseness. Reference structural examples from Pages 3-9 to ensure adherence to best practices in data reporting.
Practice with Real-World Topics: Actively engage with diverse writing prompts on contemporary and relevant topics such as "Bicycle Usage and Congestion" (Page 12) or the intricate considerations of "City Design" (Pages 28-31). This practice is crucial for building robust content knowledge, developing sophisticated argumentation skills, and being able to articulate well-supported opinions.

Grammar and Vocabulary

Continuous Improvement: Pages 33-78 place significant emphasis on "vocabulary improvement," and the Final Observations section reiterates the criticality of "continuous examples of vocabulary improvement" alongside intensive "grammar exercises." This consistent focus ensures a steady growth in linguistic accuracy and lexical richness.
Grammar Exercises: Engage in regular practice of specific grammar points, particularly focusing on the various conditional structures detailed in Pages 10-11. Additionally, utilize the numerous "grammar exercises" meticulously detailed in Pages 33-78 to thoroughly internalize the "flexibility in language" and master the subtle "nuances in hypothetical situations," which are essential for advanced communication.
Coherent Writing Styles: The paramount "importance of coherent writing styles" is fundamental to effective academic communication and is consistently "documented across the transcript" (Final Observations). Achieving this involves logically linking ideas with appropriate transition words, ensuring smooth sentence and paragraph transitions, and maintaining a consistent argumentative thread throughout your writing.

Effective Learning Techniques

Consistent Practice: Maintain and engage in "continuous examples of vocabulary improvement, grammar exercises" (as emphasized in Final Observations) to solidify learning, reinforce grammatical rules, and expand your lexical repertoire. Consistent application is key to mastery.
Study Coherent Structures: Actively documenting, critically analyzing, and regularly reviewing various "coherent writing styles" and structural patterns from accomplished examples is vital for internalizing effective writing patterns and applying them reflexively in your own work.
Review and Consolidate: Regularly allocate time to meticulously review your notes for clarity, factual accuracy, and completeness. Similarly, critically review examples of well-structured academic writing and effective language usage to gain deeper insights into successful communication strategies.
Understand Language Acquisition: Recognize and appreciate the complex journey of language learning, drawing parallels to the discussions on "language acquisition and proficiency" (e.g., the individual's journey with "Thai as the mother tongue, English as a second language, Chinese as a third" on Page 14). Adopting this informed perspective can significantly guide and optimize your personal study approach and learning strategies.

Speaking Skills

Public Speaking Abilities:
- Possesses exceptional oratorical abilities, consistently described as an eloquent speaker. This talent has led them to consciously choose a professional or personal path that heavily involves public address and communication. (Part 2)
Communication Fundamentals:
- Emphasizes the critical importance of creating a “natural place” or an environment where communication flows organically, without forced interactions or artificial constraints, to foster genuine connection and understanding. (Part 2)
- The phrase “push the boundary” metaphorically refers to an assertive drive to maximize limits, challenge conventional norms, and innovate beyond existing parameters in communication. (Part 2)
- “Respect” in this context signifies deep admiration and high regard; the individual consistently looks up to and values those who demonstrate outstanding leadership qualities and achieve remarkable feats, which influences their communication style. (Part 2)
Language Dynamics in Speech:
- In-depth examination of the specific usage of words like “have” (implying possession or experience) and “always” (indicating habitual action or continuous state) within discourse. This analysis also includes observed strategic pausing in conversation, noting its impact on emphasis and meaning. (Part 2)
- Used metaphorically, “diving” expresses a profound need to delve deeply into, meticulously explore, and thoroughly understand distinct and often varied perspectives or viewpoints, which is crucial for nuanced verbal engagement. (Part 2)

Writing Skills

Complex Sentence Structures:
- Emphasizes the strategic inclusion of various grammatical structures to enhance sentence complexity. It provides concrete examples of how to effectively vary verb tenses and clause types to facilitate exceptionally smoother and more sophisticated writing, particularly relevant for high-stakes examinations like IELTS. (Page 15)
- Actively and strategically vary sentence structures, suggesting the use of present perfect, past perfect, future conditionals, and more to create a rich linguistic tapestry for sophisticated writing proficiency. (Page 15)
Master Conditional Structures:
- First Conditional (Likely Future): If + present simple, subject + modal verb (will/may/might/can/should) + base form of the verb (v1). Example: “If I work hard, I may be rich.” (Page 10)
- Second Conditional (Unreal Present): If + past simple, subject + would/could/might + base form of the verb (v1). (Page 10)
- Third Conditional (Impossible Past): If + past perfect, subject + would/could/might + have + past participle of the verb (v3). (Page 10)
- Actively explore and integrate Mixed Conditional Structures to demonstrate exceptional flexibility in language, combining elements of different conditional types as explained on Page 11. For example, a mixed conditional sentence might be: "If I had studied harder (past condition, from a Third Conditional), I would be a doctor now (present result, from a Second Conditional, reflecting an unreal present outcome)." These structures allow for nuanced expressions where a past action (or lack thereof) has a present consequence, or a present state has implications for a past unrealized event.
Academic Vocabulary and Expressions:
- Actively and consistently integrating sophisticated terms and phrases will enhance clarity and precision, crucial for meeting stringent academic demands, as extensively covered on Pages 16-27.
Structure and Coherence:
- Diligently focus on mastering essay writing tasks, vocabulary improvement, and coherent structures, as iterated across Pages 33-78. This involves organizing ideas logically, connecting paragraphs smoothly, and ensuring arguments follow a clear progression.
- The paramount importance of coherent writing styles is fundamental for effective academic communication, involving logically linking ideas with appropriate transition words and maintaining a consistent argumentative thread. (Final Observations)
Data Interpretation and Reporting:
- Practice presenting “Overall Findings,” providing a concise “Introductory Overview,” highlighting “Successful Areas Noted,” and detailing any “Declined Location” with exceptional clarity, precision, and conciseness, especially for tasks like IELTS Academic Task 1. (Pages 3-9, Academic Writing and Grammar)
- Reference structural examples from Pages 3-9, which include analyses of temperature variations, hospital statistics, energy production, market share trends, and railway networks, to ensure adherence to best practices in data reporting.
Grammar and Vocabulary Development:
- Continuous engagement with examples of vocabulary improvement and regular practice through grammar exercises are critical for steady growth in linguistic accuracy and lexical richness, as emphasized on Pages 33-78 and in Final Observations.
- Engage in regular practice of specific grammar points, particularly focusing on the various conditional structures and utilizing numerous grammar exercises (Pages 10-11, 33-78) to internalize language flexibility and master nuances in hypothetical situations.
Practice with Real-World Topics:
- Actively engage with diverse writing prompts on contemporary and relevant topics such as “Bicycle Usage and Congestion” (Page 12) or the intricate considerations of “City Design” (Pages 28-31). This practice builds content knowledge and sophisticated argumentation skills.

General Language Acquisition & Learning

Multilingual Identity:
- Recognize and appreciate the complex journey of language learning, such as the individual's journey with Thai as the mother tongue, English as a second language, Chinese as a proficient third, and conversational Japanese, as discussed on Page 14.
Active Learning Methods:
- Embrace active learning techniques, including analytical reading and interpretation of complex data (Pages 1-9) and engaging in critical discussion of complex topics (Pages 28-32), to foster deeper understanding and retention. (Pages 16-27)

Characteristics of a "Popular Person"

This section introduces an individual characterized by several distinct attributes:

Mathematical Aptitude: An initial calculation of 5 + 6 + 6 + 5 = 22 was misreported as 5.5, suggesting a need for precise interpretation in data. A more recent calculation, 6 + 7 + 6 + 5 = 24, yielded 6.0, possibly indicating an average or metric update.
Tech Savvy: Exhibits a strong fascination with technology, actively exploring new gadgets and digital trends.
Exceptional Oratorical Abilities: Possesses strong public speaking skills, described as eloquent, leading to a professional path involving public address.
Communication Philosophy: Emphasizes creating "natural" communication environments and metaphorically "pushing boundaries" to innovate. "Respect" for leadership and achievement influences their communication style.
Analytical Approach: "Dives" into diverse perspectives for deep understanding and meticulously examines language nuances, such as the usage of "have" and "always," including the impact of pausing in conversation.
Decision Making & Enjoyment: Demonstrated "firm decisiveness" and experiences "immense contentment" (on cloud nine) when inspired. Also noted for having a "whale of a time." A character is described as a "real couch potato."

Data Interpretation and Trends Overview

The notes cover various data sets and observed trends:

Temperature Variations: Focuses on observable temperature fluctuations across diverse geographical regions. (Page 1)
Healthcare Statistics:
- Consistently observed sustained growth across multiple sectors in various locations.
- Noted a single hospital experiencing a decline in patient visits amidst general growth. (Page 3)
- Line graphs illustrate weekly patient proportions across European hospitals from 2004-2018. (Page 3)
- Significant increases in Fortsmith, Adlin, Stanton, and Bardley, while Oxley experienced a decline. (Page 4)
- Specific patient number increases for Bradley and Forsmith (from 200 in 2004 to approx. 250 and 220 by 2010), with Adlin growing to almost 250 patients by 2018 and Stanton to 150 patients. (Page 4)
Energy Production:
- A bar chart details cumulative wind power energy production across four nations from 1985-2000. (Page 5)
- Overall upward trend in renewable energy, despite a temporary decline in one nation's wind energy between 1990-1995. (Page 5)
- The United States led, peaking from approximately 1200 units (1985) to around 1650 units (1990). (Page 5)
- India and Denmark showed steady increases (200 units in 1985 to 420 units by 1990); Denmark experienced exponential growth from 1990-1995, reaching around 1200 units. (Page 6)
Online Retail Market Share:
- 2003 Data: Travel (36%), Clothes (24%), Film and Music (21%), Books (19%).
- 2013 Data: Film and Music surged to 33%, Travel declined to 29%, Books increased to 22%, and Clothes declined to 16%. (Page 7)
Underground Railway Networks:
- Illustrations of age, route length, and annual ridership across six major cities.
- Older, extensive systems tend to be less popular; newer systems, despite shorter lengths, have higher ridership. (Page 8)
- London (oldest, 394 km) had the lowest ridership (775 million); Tokyo (most modern) had the highest (1928 million). (Page 9)
- Contemporary networks in Washington DC, Kyoto, and Los Angeles emphasize sophisticated infrastructure. (Page 9)