Exam 2 Study Guide

Chapter 11 Sugars

Terms

  • monosaccharide

    • carbohydrates 3-7 in length

  • ketose

    • keto group

  • aldose

    • aldehyde group

  • constitutional isomer

    • identical molecular formula, different atomic order

  • stereoisomer

    • differ in spacial arrangement

    • D or L

  • enantiomer

    • mirror image of each other

  • diastereoisomer

    • stereoisomer, not mirror image

  • epimer

    • differ at one of sever asymmetric C atoms

  • pyranose

    • 6 membered ring sugar

  • furanose

    • 5 membered ring sugar

  • anomer

    • alpha: C1 opposite of C6

    • beta: C1 same side as C6

  • reducing sugar

    • any sugar that can get to an open chain

  • glycosidic bond

    • anomeric C of carbohydrate and O of alcohol

  • oligosaccharide

    • 2+ monosccharides linked by O-glycosidic bonds

  • glycogen

    • most common homopolymer

    • linked by alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds

  • starch

    • homopolymer in plants

    • alpha linkages

  • cellulose

    • structural role

    • beta linkages

  • glycoprotein

    • protein constituent largest component by weight

    • many components of cell membranes

    • some formed by linking carbohydrates to soluble proteins

  • proteoglycan

    • protein component conjugated to a glycosaminoglycan

    • carbohydrates larger percentage by weight

    • structural components and lubricants

    • cartilage

  • mucin

    • predominantly carbohydrate

    • mucus

  • glycosyltransferase

    • catalyzes formation of glycosidic bonds

Chapter 15 Metabolism

Terms

  • catabolism

    • fuel → cellular energy

  • anabolism

    • require energy

  • amphibolic pathway

    • pathway that can be either catabolic or anabolic

  • oxidation-reduction reaction

    • electron transfer

  • group-transfer reaction

    • transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

  • hydrolytic reaction

    • cleavage of bonds by the addition of water

  • cleavage of carbon bonds by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation

    • 2 substrates yielding one product or vice versa

    • when H2O or CO2 are a product, a double bond is formed

  • isomerixation reaction

    • rearrangement of atoms to form isomers

  • ligation reaction

    • formation of covalent bonds

Chapter 16 Glycolysis

Pathway

Regulation

  • glycolysis predominates when energy or glycolytic intermediates are needed

  • gluconeogenesis predominates when there is a surpluss of energy and glucose precursors

  • energy needed → AMP inhibits fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, stimulates phosphofructokinase

  • high ATP levels → ATP and citrate inhibit phosphofructokinase, decrease in AMP relieves fructose 1,6-biphosphatase inhibition

  • pyruvate kinase inhibited by allosteric effectors ATP and alanine

  • pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase inhibited by ADP

  • pyruvate carboxylase activated by acetyl CoA

Chapter 17 Citric Acid Cycle

Pathway

Regulation

  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) phosphorylates (turns off) E1

  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) dephosphorylates E1

  • PDK and PDP associated with E2-E3-BP core complex

  • high NADH, acetyl CoA, and ATP activates PDK

  • high ADP and pyruvate inhibit PDK

  • Ca2+ stimulates PDP