ARCH 4301 Q&A
Free Body Diagram: Newton's Third Law, a diagram showing the forces acting in an equilibrium
Balloon Framing: Studs are full length of the house, joists are nailed into the stud. Studs are walls, joists are floors.
Platform Framing: (Stack) One story studs with each floor stacking on the floor above
Culture manifests itself in construction methods
Thomas Cole’s the course of empire t is the legacy from ground to roof
America avoids restrictions while Europe likes to set limitations and then designs with purpose
Nailing has standards, and there are many different types of bonding techniques between bolts, screws. There are standards and many connection points
There is wood glues, cements, different types of screws and bolts
George Nakashima and wood frame construction, there are many possibilities
The fox island house uses tilt up construction, this allowed them to pre-fabricate constructions. So they prefabricated the house and tilted it up
Span-range is how far a piece can expand horizontally before it needs a vertical member to support it, bigger pieces can span longer and shorter cannot
Lightweight wood framing is not so stable until it is sheathed, think of the sheathing as the skin of the wood frame
There are a lot of different kinds of fasteners and joist hangers
Engineered wood products DO NOT WARP, they don't shrink as much, more expensive, they are engineered to be stronger than dimensional lumber, and are made from wood chippings, such as plywood and particle board
Dimensional lumber is your standard 2x4 2x8 and engineered lumber is plywood sheets, OBS board
NC Pottery Center is a great example of the use of dimensional wood to create the illusion of heavy timber, there is a nice interaction between materials
Good design can happen at ALL PRICE POINTS******
Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre is an example of capital A architecture, Renzo Piano did it way more expensive while Frank Harmann at the NC Pottery center did the same thing but cheaper
Bill Gates Cutler Anderson Medina residence celebrates the construction, uses heavy timber and heavy metal connection pieces, it shows the interaction and contrast between multiple materials is rich
Enrique Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue- shows innovative use of wood
Brick is elemental and has a rich history, and brick making is one of the most eco-friendly processes with the energy levels barely reaching high numbers
Tectonic is about assembling parts, while stereotomic is about carving and stacking large, heavy units. Tectonic uses lighter materials like wood or steel with visible connections, while stereotomic uses heavy, dense materials like stone with emphasis on the solidity of the mass.
Masonry is modular (blocks) and have limitless amount of assembly methods
Series of proportional relationships can combine to make a structure
Brick and wood are… Of the Earth
Elemental materials vary in color based on region/geography
Masonries
Brick - Formed and Baked
Concrete Masonry - Formed and steamed
Stone - Quarried/cut/and finished
Common bricks and face brick, common is common and face is where the exposed portion is designed to fit the structure’s characteristics using dyes and stains (glazing)
Gerard Paintings look like painted brick
A CMU block is 7 ⅝ x 7 ⅝ x 15 ⅝ instead of 8 x 8 x 16, you subtract ⅜ by each side
Bricks have different grades with different strengths
ARCHITECTURE BEGINS WITH SITE ANALYSIS
Horizontal stacked bricks are stretchers. If you take a stretcher and move it vertically, that is a soldier (tall and straight). If you turn a stretcher 90 sideways, it is a header and if you turn the header sideways, it is a rowlock (bricks under windows). Wythe is the measurement of the shorter width of a brick. Course is for height, width is width (measurement).
Running bond (normal brick stack), common bond is where there are a course of headers every 5 to 6 stretcher layers (american bond), and stack bond is where all bricks are stacked directly like a grid
There are different types of mortar, type M is the strongest and type K is the weakest
Mortar matters-bond and interstice. Mortar cures through hydration, water hardens mortar
Mortar profiles vary based on architect designs
Architects get excited by excavating mortar to create shadow lines, but masons do not like it because water can leak into there and freeze which leads to fast degradation of the wall itself
Brick wants to be an arch -Louis Kahn
The Rookery - it is notable how they connected masonry units of different sizes and textures to crest a more ornate building, everything in this building is designed specifically for attention to detail
The Rookery combines interior steel framing with exterior load-bearing brick masonry
Brick country house is a conceptual house that shows the brick in plan to show how it is supposed to be built
Crown hall in Chicago shows a care for details in everything to show how the building uses readily available materials to create things such as W beams
Where do your materials come from??? The granite that built the WWII memorial in Washington DC came from the granite quarries in North carolina, take note of details
George Nakashima is a prime example of elevating a material of something you use into something beautiful. He took what was readily available into furniture, etc.
You have to anticipate for moving stones due to their weight, Filippo Brunelleschi innovated methods of brick moving like the ox-powered lift
Cavity walls are the kind of walls where you have a masonry wall, a cavity, and a thicker masonry wall. They connect the two walls with Z-ties and corrugated metal ties. There are a series of external and internal flashings that drain the water inside the wall cavity.
The benefits of doing cavity walls allow for better moisture resistance and thermal insulation
There are three types of joints for brick to brick connections. Expansion joints accommodate for expansion, control joints accommodate for separation between masonry (mostly concrete), isolation joints accommodate for the shrinkage and growing of the different masonries so it doesn't apply stress to other parts of the building
Barrier Wall is one solid wall to block out water. It can be a plain wood wall, platform construction, or a plain ass brick wall
Rainscreen wall is a cavity wall where it has a system of multiple layers and insulation, commonly used for better insulation and water resistance
Good architects are conversant in using a variety of materials and NEED to know how to use them
Slow architecture vs. fast architecture? Mies van der Rohe doing a super detailed design vs. corporate companies slapping some materials onto a general design. Fine dining vs. fast food
Steel has a large CO2 footprint, it is NOT like brick or wood making
Even though steel making has a large CO2 footprint, steel is EXTREMELY recyclable. It is a very common thing to see recycled steel
Almost all of steel is recycled steel
Crystal Palace - Early use of prefabrication. It was the first type of metal construction and it was cast-iron, which is very hard. Span ranges influence the interior conditions and rhythm and helps determine spaces
Eiffel Tower - Made from wrought-iron, which is a softer metal
John Hancock Building - The structural supports influenced the appearance of the building and made it more economical
CCTV Building Tower - A remarkable use of steel frame construction and engineering.
Weaving can be an analogy of connected figures for steel, brick, or wood
W-Beam - wide flange beam, the “I” beam but larger
I-Beam - Called an “S” beam for standard beam.
C-Beam - Beam that is in the shape of a [
L-Beam - In the shape of an L
WT-Beam - W beam but missing bottom flange so it is the shape of a T
Metal bars and Metal tubing are other parts of metal construction.
Steel must be painted or galvanized (Zinc Coating) to prevent rust
Steel has carbon in it, the more carbon in the steel, the more stronger it is but also harder it is to weld
*W12 x 26: 12= 12 inches deep 26= pounds per linear foot
COR-TEN is the name for weathered or rusted steel
A rivet is a piece of steel that is heated up on the building site. One hot end is placed through the hole and the other end is put against a cap to make the rivet wider than the hole so it stays in place
Bracing (good for compression and tension) (diagonal)
Shear walls provide stiffness and strength by resisting forces through shifting and bending
Moment resisting frames resist lateral forces through the bending of beams and columns relying on the rigidity of their connections
Open web steel joists are very common, very in scale and capacity to span, and they are a very efficient use for the material
A Truss are triangular supports that go back and forth between two steel beams
When you change the geometry of corrugation of steel sheets then you get something more structurally stable
Steel is NOT fireproof, this is why the world trade center collapsed, because the plane stripped the fireproofing off the steel beams and the jet fuel melted the steel beams which caused the collapse. Fire baaaaad
Light Gauge Steel Construction and Wood Light Frame Construction are similar, sort of like balloon framing and platform framing
Open web steel joists are very common- they vary in scale and capacity to span
Girts for trusses and corrugated metal roofing and decking is a recipe for a cheap building
Geometry of a cross section of a material influences its strength
Because aggregates make up roughly three-quarters of the volume of concrete, the strength of a concrete is heavily dependent on the quality of its aggregates
The amount of water in a concrete mix is a significant issue