Chapter 14 Study Guide Notes

Industrial Revolution

  • The changeover from making goods by hand to machine.
  • Shift from farming/home work to factories.

Enclosure Movement

  • Landowners fenced off public land for their use.
  • Increased efficiency of new agricultural methods.

Jethro Tull

  • English farmer.
  • Invented the seed drill and horse-drawn hoe.
  • Increased crop production and saved seeds.

John Kay

  • Invented the flying shuttle.
  • Increased cloth production, raised demand for thread.

James Hargreaves

  • Invented the spinning jenny.
  • Spun thread eight times faster.
  • Increased demand for raw cotton.

James Watt

  • Improved the steam engine.
  • Factories used coal to power steam engines.
  • Factories located anywhere.

Adam Smith

  • Wealth of Nations.
  • Laws of self-interest, competition, supply and demand.

Laissez Faire

  • No government intervention in industry/business.

Capitalism

  • Private ownership of production factors for profit.

Factory System

  • Workers in factories with little time off.
  • No pay without work, lack of government assistance.
  • Towns grew into cities.

Interchangeable Parts

  • Identical pieces for manufacturing.
  • Easier, cheaper, faster manufacturing.

Mass Production

  • Factory output of large quantities of items.

Assembly Line

  • Workers attach standardized parts to products on a moving belt.

Unions

  • Workers organizations discussing conditions with employers.

Collective Bargaining

  • Union representatives present requests to employers.

Strike

  • Workers stop working to get demands met.

Socialism

  • Government owns/controls businesses and property.
  • Factories, mines, stores owned by the people.
  • Goods produced at prices everyone could afford

Utopians

  • Socialists trying to establish perfect communities.
  • Owen's ideas failed due to lack of cooperation.

Utilitarianism

  • Ideas judged by their usefulness.

Communism

  • The Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels.

Charles Darwin

  • Evolution and natural selection.
  • Book: "On the Origin of Species"
  • Plants and animals best suited for survival reproduce and adapt.

Manifest Destiny

  • Belief in white Americans' right to control North America.

Mass Culture

  • Widespread cultural products and practices.

Romanticism

  • Paintings of dreams and fantasies, linked to nationalism.

Realism

  • Painting style showing life as it was.

Impressionism

  • Showing effect of light on subjects, used bright colors.

Post-Impressionism

  • Concerned with form, space, and blocks of color.