3. STEM CHEMISTRY SRB - Grade 11 Term 1 (Moderated)

Introduction to the Chemistry Resource Book

• Title: STEM Chemistry Students’ Resource Book

• Issued by: Department of Education (Papua New Guinea)

• Year of Publication: 2021

• Disclaimer: All rights reserved; no part may be reproduced without permission.

Table of Contents

• Module 11.1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

  • Topic 1: Introduction to Matter

  • Topic 2: Fundamental Unit of Matter

  • Topic 3: Periodic Table and Trends

• Module 11.2: Chemical Bonding

  • Topic 1: Intramolecular Forces

  • Topic 2: Intermolecular Forces

• Module 11.3: Chemical Reactions and Physical Processes

  • Topic 1: Types of Reactions

• Module 11.4: Mass, Moles, and Molarity

• Module 11.5: Acids, Bases, and Salts

• References

Module 11.1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Week 1 Overview

• Introduces students to the fundamentals of chemistry.

• Key Concepts:

  • Properties of matter (physical and chemical)

  • Phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas

  • Atoms as fundamental units of matter

  • Classification of elements: metals and non-metals

  • Periodic table trends

Content Standards and Benchmarks

• Broad Content Standard 11.1: Identify and discuss properties and structures of matter.

• Content Benchmark:

  • Phases of matter

  • Physical and chemical properties

  • Classification of elements

  • Atomic structure and properties

  • Trends of the periodic table

Topic 1: Introduction to Matter

Key Points

• Matter has mass and volume.

• Three phases of matter:

  • Solids: Defined shape and volume.

  • Liquids: Defined volume but take the shape of the container.

  • Gases: No defined shape or volume; fill any space.

• Physical Properties: Intensive (independent of quantity) and Extensive (dependent on quantity).

• Classifications: Mixture (homogeneous & heterogeneous) and Pure Substance.

Topic 2: Fundamental Unit of Matter

Key Concepts

• Atoms: Smallest unit of matter; defined by protons, neutrons, and electrons.

• Atomic mass = Protons + Neutrons.

• Atomic number = Number of protons in the nucleus.

• Ions: Atoms that have gained or lost electrons; Anions (gain electrons) and Cations (lose electrons).

Structure of Atoms

• Components: Nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons in shells.

• Bohr’s model: Describes fixed electron shells with defined capacities.

Topic 3: Periodic Table and Trends

Key Points

• Elements are arranged by atomic number.

• Groups: Reflect similar chemical properties and number of valence electrons.

• Trends:

  • Electronegativity: Increases across a period, decreases down a group.

  • Ionization Energy: Minimum energy to remove an electron from a neutral atom.

  • Atomic Radius: Increases down a group, decreases across a period.

  • Reactivity Series: Order of reactivity among metals.

Understanding Electronegativity and Ionization Energy

• Definitions:

  • Electronegativity: Atoms' tendency to attract electrons.

  • Ionization Energy: Energy to remove an electron.

Module 11.2: Chemical Bonding

Overview

• Focuses on intramolecular and intermolecular forces, including types of chemical bonds.

Types of Bonding

• Ionic Bonds: Formed by transfer of electrons and attraction between opposite charges.

• Covalent Bonds: Formed by sharing electrons.

• Metallic Bonds: Attraction between free electrons and metal ions.

Properties of Bonds

• Compare melting/boiling points, conductivity, and solubility in water.

Topic 1: Intramolecular Forces

Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular Forces

• Intramolecular Forces: Bonds within molecules.

• Intermolecular Forces: Attractions between different molecules.

Module 11.3: Chemical Reactions and Physical Processes

Overview

• Chemical reactions involve the transformation of reactants into products.

Types of Reactions

• Synthesis, Decomposition, Combustion, and Neutralization Reactions.

• Balancing Chemical Equations: Essential for stoichiometric calculations.