Lab Practical !!
Lab Session #1
Be able to identify the structures of a plant
Roots - Anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals from the soil
Stems - Support the plant, transport water, nutrients and sugars
Leaves - Photosynthesis, transpiration, gas exchange
Make sure you can identify the differences between monocots and dicots
Monocot - One cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous root system
Dicot - Two cotyledons, reticulate (branching veins), vascular bundles in a circle, taproot system
Be able to identify the parts of a root tip
Root Cap - Protects the growing tip
Zone of Cell Division - Rapid cell division
Zone of Elongation - Cells elongate, pushing the root tip downward
Zone of Maturation - Differentiation of cells into specialized tissues
Be able to identify the types of vascular tissues in the microscope slides. Based on the arrangement of vascular tissues in a root and a stem, be able to identify if it is a monocot or a dicot.
Xylem - Transports water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant
Phloem - Transports sugars and nutrients produced during photosynthesis
Monocot Vascular Tissue - Scattered vascular bundles
Dicot Vascular Tissue - Vascular bundles in a ring
Make sure you know the structures of a woody stem and the difference between summer and springwood. Also make sure you can determine the age of a woody stem.
Woody Stem :
Summerwood - Lighter, formed in the growing season, smaller cells
Springwood - Darker, formed early in the growing season, larger cells
Determining Age - Count the rings; each pair (summer + spring) represents one year
Be able to identify the external structures of a winter twig.
Winter Twig :
External Structure - Buds, leaf scars, terminal bud and lateral buds
Be able to identify the structure of a leaf and the different types of leaves.
Leaf Structure :
Parts - Blade, petiole, veins, stomata
Types - Simple (one leaf blade) vs. Compound (multiple leaflets)
Lab Session #2
Know the composition of xylem and phloem and which direction materials are moved through each.
Xylem - Composed of tracheids and vessel elements, transports water upward
Phloem - Composed of sieve tube elements and companion cells, transports sugars downward
Know the difference between isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions and which direction water moves when a plant cell is placed into each.
Isotonic - No net movement of water
Hypertonic - Water moves out of the cell (shrinks)
Hypotonic - Water moves into the cell (swells)
Know the structures of the root responsible for absorbing water from the soil.
Root Hairs - Increase surface area for absorption
Epidermis - Outer layer of the root that allows water entry
Know the process of transportation and the role of environmental factors on the rate of transportation and the role of the stomata in the transport of water.
Transportation - Evaporation of water from leaves, creating a pull that draws water up through the plant
Environmental Factors - Temperature, humidity and wind affect transpiration rates
Stomata - Open to allow gas exchange (CO2 in O2 out) and regulate water loss
Lab Session #3
Be able to identify the flower parts and know their function.
Male (Stamen) - anther (produces pollen) and filament
Female (Pistil) - Stigma (receives pollen), style (connects stigma and ovary), ovary (contains ovules)
Petals - Attract pollinators
Sepals - Protect the flower bud
Know the difference between a monocot and a dicot flower.
Monocot Flower - Typically has 3 petals or multiple of 3
Dicot Flower - Typically has 4 or 5 petals or multiples of 4 or 5
Knowing the flowering plant life cycle.
Pollination, Fertilization, Seed Development, Germination, Growth and Reproduction
Knowing the 3 layers of a fruit and being able to identify the different types of fruits by their technical names.
3 Layers of a Fruit :
Exocarp (outer layer, skin)
Mesocarp (flesh)
Endocarp (inner layer, surrounding the seed)
Types of Fruits :
Drupe - Single seed (ex. peach)
Berry - Multiple seeds (ex. tomato)
Pome - Seed inside a core (ex. apple)
Be able to identify the part of a monocot and dicot seed and know what is necessary for seed germination to occur.
Monocot Seed - One cotyledon, parallel-veined leaves
Dicot Seed - Two cotyledons, reticulate-veined leaves
Germination Factors - Water, oxygen and temperature are essential for seed germination
Lab Session #4
Be able to identify the 4 major types of tissues and give an example of a location and function of each.
Epithelial Tissue - Protects and covers surfaces
Connective Tissue - Supports and binds other tissues
Muscle Tissue - Contracts for movement
Nervous Tissues - Transmits electrical signals
Be able to identify the 4 layers of the intestine.
Mucosa - Innermost layer, secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients
Submucosa - Contains blood vessels and lymphatic tissue
Muscularis - Smooth muscle, responsible for peristalsis
Serosa - Outermost layer, protects the intestine
Be able to identify the structures found in the human skin.
Epidermis - Outer layer, contains keratinocytes and melanocytes
Dermis - Contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and sweat glands
Hypodermis - Subcutaneous layer, stores fat and insulates