PAG 2.1 + notes

Step

Apparatus & Purpose

1. Rinse burette with titrant.

Burette - delivers known volumes accurately; rinsing prevents contamination

2. Fill burette using a funnel, then remove funnel.

Funnel - helps pour safely; remove to avoid extra drops altering volume

3. Rinse pipette with solution of unknown concentration

Pipette - measures fixed volume accurately; rinsing ensures no dilution

4. Use pipette filler to transfer solution to conical flask

Pipette filler - draws up liquid safely; conical flask - easy to swirl without spilling.

5. Add a few drops of indicator.

Indicator - shows endpoint by colour change.

6. Record initial burette reading at eye level.

Prevents error

7. Add titrant while swirling the flask.

Ensures proper mixing for accurate neutralisation.

8. Near endpoint, add titrant dropwise.

Allows precise control to avoid overshooting.

9. Record final burette reading and calculate titre.

Titre = final - initial reading. Record to 2 decimal places.

10. Repeat for concordant titres.

Improves reliability

➡ Draw and label a titration setup. What is each piece used for?

  • Burette (delivers variable volume of acid/alkali)

  • Funnel (to fill burette)

  • Pipette (measures fixed volume, e.g. 25 cm³)

  • Pipette filler (for safety)

  • Conical flask (for reaction; swirl to mix)

  • White tile (see colour change clearly)

  • Retort stand + clamp (hold burette upright)

✅ Key notes:

  • Read burette to nearest 0.05 cm³.

  • Swirl flask while titrating.

  • Stop when indicator shows end-point.

➡ How do you prepare a standard solution? (equipment + steps)

Definition: A solution of known concentration.

Equipment: Beaker · Funnel · Volumetric flask · Weighing balance · Glass rod · Wash bottle (deionised water)

Steps:

1⃣ Weigh solute accurately.

2⃣ Dissolve in small amount of deionised water (in beaker).

3⃣ Transfer to volumetric flask using funnel.

4⃣ Rinse beaker + funnel into flask (no solute lost).

5⃣ Add deionised water to mark (bottom of meniscus).

6⃣ Stopper + invert to mix evenly.

✅ Use deionised water, avoid parallax error, rinse with correct solution.

C = 1000x X / volume (cm3)

D iagram

M oles (n=)

E quation

S ample (if necessary)

M oles

A nswer (units and sf)