Unit 5
1. Which agricultural practice leads to the greatest genetic diversity?
traditional/sustainable
Mixed cropping, intercropping - planting different crops
perenial crops - no reseeding due to earlong plants , rqeuqire less plowing
2. Which agricultural practice makes the greatest use of GMOs, pesticides, and fertilizer?
industrial/conventional
due green revolution, mechanization
Resource coNSERCATION eTHIC : PEOPLE SHOULD MAXIMIZE REOSURCES USE BASED ON THE GREATES GOOD FOR EVERYONE
Synthetic Ferilizers - increase yield and profits BUT do excess nitrate and phosphate that runoff into water → algae blooms, requries fossil fuels for production
GMOs- genetically modified crops
helps have food agains drought, BUT less genetic diversity and easier to be killed off by disease
Green Revolution
new fertilizers, soil erosion
mechanization → fossil fuels, soil compactation→ decrease holding of water
3. List the types of irrigation.
Advantage - food productivtiy
Disadvantage - overuse water deplete aquifers
Salinization - too much salt left from evaporation saltwater intrusion
Furrow Irrigation - fill up trenches, least efficency
easy and cheap
waterlogging and salinization, and evaporation
Flood Irrigation - flood fields, 70-80% efficent
easy and cheap
waterlogging , salination, waste water
Spray Irrigation - pumped through nozzles, 75-95%
efficent, less water
expensive and energy
Drip Irrigation- slow dripping through hose burried in ground
top soil dry, perennials reduce weed growth
expensive, remove to plow
4. Describe how each of the following agricultural practice helps reduce soil erosion or improve soil fertility—
No-till agriculture:
less erosion, oxidation and CO2
increase of herbicides due to weeds
Crop rotation:
reduces demand on soil due to constant crop, promotes synergy, maintains the soils fertility
Terracing:
series of wide flats steps constant slopes, decreases erosion
Windbreaks:
protects crops from erosion
Cover-crops:
aids in breakdown of nutrients and prevents soil erosion, helps with water retention allowing better soil quality
Green manure:
animal + plant waste as fertilizers to amend soil with nutrients
strip cropping - plant crops together working synergically
crop rotation - helps with soil fertility and lesses demand on nutrients
limestone - calcium carbonate agaisnt soil acidity
rotational grazing -
5. Which irrigation method is the most efficient and decreases the risk of soil salinization (11-32)?
drip irrigation
6. What is a CAFO and what are the three advantages and three disadvantages of them?
CAFOs - concentrated animal feeding operation
high density animal farming, more water, land energy needed
beef cattle, dairy cows, hogs, poultry
positive: minimize land cost, efficency, increase food energy into production
negative: antibiotic resistance, disease (mad cow), waste disposal ( poop lagoons), nutrient runoff, ethical concerns, nutritional content is inadequate
Free Range Grazing - most common use of land in US (grasslands) due to dry land → stream erosion, pollution of warer, overgrazing
7. What is the Ogallala Aquifer? Why is it important to reduce the water use in both agriculture and livestock production?
aquifer in breadbasket area, one of largest aquifers, OPEN AQUIFER replentished by rain , gives water for irrigation in central plains
need to reduce cause rate it too high to be replentished in time
8. What are the benefits and disadvantages of vertical gardening/aquaponics?
Advantage: less space, less pesticides, less water used, closed loop with fish for nutrients
Disadvantage: cost, equipment, energy, labor expertise
9. What are the dangers of using pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, etc.)?
Disasbvantages : pesticide treadmill that leads to more resillience to pesticide by insects, poluttion groundwater, toxicity to humans, kill non target organism, bioacculumation and biomagnification
bioaccumulation - increase over time within an organism
biomagnification - increased over time within a food chain
herbicides - plants/weeds
fungicides - mold/ fungi/mushrooms
rodenticides - rodents
broad spectrum pesticide - insects
10. What is Integrated Pest Management?
combinatio of methods to effectlyly control pest species while minize disruption to environment
11. Explain Cultural, Chemical and Biological Control methods with an example of each type.
cultural - crop rotation, sanitation, planting dates arrangement (farming methods)
biological - use predators , ladybigs and birds (use nature)
mechanical - traps, cultivation(labor)
chemical - pheromones, bioliogical and chemcial pesticides (used in moderation and at specific times) (use substances and natural weaposn)
12. Describe the role and jurisdiction of the following government agencies.
a. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - manage public lands grazing, mining, timber, recreation
public lands, mineral estates
b. US Forest Service (USFS) - timber, grazing, recreation
forests and grasslands
c. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) -wildlife, conservation, hunting, recreating
d. National Park Service (NPS) - recreation and conservation
national parks and historical monuments
UNIT 5: Land Use: Forestry
18. Compare fire suppression to fire management. Which is the best practice? FIRE Managment
suppression: stop natural fires→ biomass buildup → worse fires in the future
managment: monitoring , prescribed burn → nutrient recycling
19. Explain the effects of clear cutting on soils.
soil erosion, increase soil and stream temperaute due to no shadow sby trees, flooding and landslides
20. What is the most sustainable method of harvesting trees?
selective logging
strip cutting - some cut in area to preserve habitat and topsoil
us human animal labor to prevent compactation
replant speices
recycle wood to much for fields
21. What is habitat fragmentation?
breaking habitat apart into smaller isolated areas
How does habitat fragmentation affect gene flow and biodiversity of ecosystems?
reduces species ranges to small populations at high extinction risk
UNIT 5: Land Use: Fishing
22. What is meant by the “tragedy of the commons?”
depletion of public resources due to individuals selfishness
How does it relate to world fishing?
due t o commercially harvestable populatios and asia an dafricas reliance for protein, but theres a collapse with reduction by 90%
since ocean ist part of a nation, no one replentishes fished fishes → depletion but still demand
23. Name 2 modern fishing methods/technologies that have significantly increases the amount of fish that are caught.
factory ships
new catching methods: bottom trawling
long liners
advanced technology of sonar and radar to find schools
purse sein
24. What is by-catch?
accidental catching juveniles and non target species in nets
25. Describe the following types of fishing gear/nets.
a. Trawling - net dragged accrros ocean floor-. destruction of it , turbity , bycatch
b. Long Line - setting out long hook on intervals to catch large fish → bycatch
c. Purse seining (look it up) - net going down like a purse and closing down
To reduce by catch - TED (Turtle Exclusive Device)
93. What are the benefits of aquaculture?
fish farming and marine culture
Advantage: efficent, less fuel for travelling, small area of water used, less habitat deistruction
DisadvatageL fish waste contamination, disease, escapte and harm native species
To fix use Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)
Videos info?
Restaurants use cheaper fish sometimes because poeple cant tell what it is
eat kelp and seaweed because easy to grow, easy to produce and good for environment → abundance can help feed more people
Singapore uses new vertical farming and aquacultrue due to space, use of more green areas and locally grown food to help wtih economy
Robotucs taht spray pesticide