AP Human Geography Vocabulary Flashcards
Unit 1: Introduction
Reference Map: Shows locations of places and geographic features.
Thematic Map: Shows a particular theme or subject.
Regions:
Formal: Defined by common characteristics (e.g., climate, political boundaries).
Functional: Organized around a node or focal point (e.g., transportation hub).
Perceptual/Vernacular: Defined by people's beliefs, feelings, and attitudes about a place (e.g., "the South").
Absolute Distance: Exact measurement between two points, often using standard units.
Absolute Direction: Cardinal directions (North, South, East, West).
Relative Distance: Distance in terms of cost, time, or effort.
Relative Direction: Direction described in relation to a reference point (e.g., "down south").
Clustering: Objects grouped together.
Dispersal: Objects spread out.
Elevation: Height above sea level.
Map Projection: Transforming the 3D Earth onto a 2D map, which always introduces distortion.
Map Distortion: All maps distort some aspect of reality (shape, area, distance, direction).
GIS (Geographic Information System): A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.
Satellite Navigation: Using satellites for determining precise locations (e.g., GPS).
Remote Sensing: Gathering data about Earth's surface from a distance (e.g., satellites, airplanes).
Field Observations: Collecting data on-site.
Media Reports: News articles, documentaries, etc., as sources of geographic information.
Travel Narratives: Personal accounts of journeys.
Policy Documents: Government reports, regulations, etc.
Personal Interviews: Gathering qualitative data through interviews.
Landscape Analysis: Studying the visible features of an area.
Photographic Interpretation: Analyzing photos to gather geographic data.
Census Data: Population and housing information.
Satellite Imagery: Images of Earth collected by satellites.
Absolute Location: Exact location using coordinates.
Relative Location: Location in relation to other places.
Space: The physical gap or interval between two objects.
Place: A specific point on Earth with human and physical characteristics.
Flows: Movement of people, goods, or information.
Distance Decay: The effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions; interaction decreases with increasing distance.
Time-Space Compression: The reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place.
Pattern: The arrangement of objects in space.
Sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Natural Resources: Materials or substances occurring in nature that can be used for economic gain.
Land Use: How land is utilized (e.g., agriculture, residential, industrial).
Environmental Determinism: The belief that the environment determines human actions and societal development; largely discredited today.
Possibilism: The theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.
Scales:
Local: Small area.
Regional: Larger area with unifying characteristics.
National: Country level.
Globally: Worldwide.
Scale of Analysis: The level at which data is aggregated (e.g., local, regional, national).
Action Verbs (for AP Human Geography):
Identify, Interpret, Describe, Explain, Compare, Analyze.
Skill Terminology:
Models, Principles, Processes, Patterns, Theories, Spatial, Trends.
Quantitative Interpretation: Numerical data.
Qualitative Interpretation: Descriptive data.
Unit 2: Population and Migration
Population Factors:
Climate, landforms, water bodies, culture, economics, history, politics.
Population Distribution:
Arithmetic density:
Physiological density:
Agricultural density:
Carrying Capacity: The number of people that can be supported in an area given the technology.
Population Pyramid: A bar graph showing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Demographic Transition Model: A model showing the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.
Epidemiological Transition Model: Describes the causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model.
Malthus' Theory: Population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically, leading to resource scarcity and societal collapse.
Pronatalist Policies: Policies that encourage people to have more children.
Antinatalist Policies: Policies that discourage people from having children.
Social Values: Cultural beliefs about family size.
Contraception: Methods to prevent pregnancy.
Birth Rates: Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
Death Rates: Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
Life Expectancy: Average number of years a person is expected to live.
Dependency Ratio: The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration: Rules about migration patterns (e.g., most migrants move short distances).
Push Factors: Reasons people leave a place.
Pull Factors: Reasons people move to a place.
Intervening Opportunities: Opportunities that cause migrants to settle before reaching their intended destination.
Intervening Obstacles: Barriers that prevent or hinder migration.
Forced Migration: Involuntary movement of people (e.g., slavery, conflict).
Slavery: Forced labor.
Refugees: People who have been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): People who have been forced to leave their homes but remain within their country's borders.
Asylum Seekers: People who have migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
Voluntary Migration: Migration based on one's free will and choice.
Transnational Migration: Migration across national borders.
Transhumance: Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Internal Migration: Migration within a country.
Brain Drain: The emigration of highly skilled or educated people from a country.
Chain Migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Step Migration: Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages.
Guest Worker: A foreign laborer temporarily working in a host country.
Rural-to-Urban Migration: Migration from rural areas to urban areas.
Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes
Culture: Shared beliefs, values, practices, and material objects of a group of people.
Culture Trait: A single attribute of a culture (e.g., wearing certain clothing).
Architecture: The design and construction of buildings.
Cultural Relativism: Understanding a culture on its own terms, without judgment.
Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures based on one's own cultural standards.
Cultural Landscape: The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.
Linguistic: Having to do with language.
Sequent Occupancy: The idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
Traditional Architecture: Architecture rooted in a specific culture or region.
Postmodern Architecture: A reaction against modern architecture, incorporating diverse styles and often playful designs.
Ethnicity: A shared cultural heritage or identity.
Gender: Socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions, and identities of individuals.
Ethnic Neighborhood: A geographic area with a high concentration of people from the same ethnicity.
Indigenous Community: A community of people with ancestral ties to a particular territory.
Sense of Place: Feelings and emotions associated with a place.
Placemaking: The process of creating or recreating a place based on shared meanings and experiences.
Centripetal Force: A force that unifies people within a state.
Centrifugal Force: A force that divides people within a state.
Diffusion: The spread of a phenomenon over space and time.
Relocation Diffusion: Spread of an idea through physical movement of people.
Expansion Diffusion: Spread of an idea from one place to another.
Contagious Diffusion: The rapid spread of an idea or innovation throughout a population.
Hierarchical Diffusion: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.
Stimulus Diffusion: The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
Creolization: The blending of cultures.
Lingua Franca: A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
Colonialism: The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Imperialism: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Trade: The exchange of goods and services.
Small-Scale Process: A process occurring at a local level.
Large-Scale Process: A process occurring at a global level.
Urbanization: The process of population shift from rural to urban areas.
Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness of the world.
Time-Space Convergence: The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place as a result of technology.
Cultural Convergence: The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.
Cultural Divergence: The tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with time.
Language Family: A group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language.
Language Dialect: A regional variation of a language.
Cultural Hearth: The origin or birthplace of a culture.
Indo-European Language Family: A large language family native to western and southern Eurasia.
Toponym: The name given to a place.
Universalizing Religion: A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, regardless of location or culture (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism).
Ethnic Religion: A religion primarily associated with a particular ethnic group (e.g., Hinduism, Judaism).
Acculturation: The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.
Assimilation: The process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
Syncretism: The blending of religious or cultural beliefs and practices.
Multiculturalism: The coexistence of diverse cultures, where cultures maintain their unique identities.
Unit 4: Political Geography
State: An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Nation: A group of people with a shared culture, history, language, or ethnicity.
Nation-State: A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
Stateless Nation: A nation that does not have a state (e.g., Kurds, Palestinians).
Multinational State: A state with more than one nation within its borders (e.g., Russia).
Multistate Nation: A nation that transcends the borders of two or more states (e.g., Koreans).
Autonomous Region: An area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state.
Semiautonomous Region: An area within a state that has some degree of self-government, but less than an autonomous region.
Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself.
Self-Determination: The right of a nation to govern itself.
Colonialism: The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Imperialism: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Independence Movement: Efforts by a nation to gain independence from a state.
Devolution: The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states.
Neocolonialism: The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies.
Shatterbelt: A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Eastern Europe during the Cold War).
Choke Point: A strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region (e.g., Strait of Hormuz).
Territoriality: The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by asserting control over a geographic area.
Boundaries:
Relic Boundary: A boundary that no longer functions but still has an impact on the landscape (e.g., Berlin Wall).
Superimposed Boundary: A boundary imposed on an area by a conquering or colonizing power without regard to existing cultural patterns (e.g., Africa).
Subsequent Boundary: A boundary that is established after the settlement in that area occurred. It changes as the cultural landscape changes and is drawn to accommodate developments due to a certain event, such as a war.
Antecedent Boundary: A boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed (e.g., mountains, rivers).
Geometric Boundary: A boundary that follows a straight line or arc.
Consequent Boundary: A boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences.
Defined Boundary: A boundary established by a legal document.
Delimited Boundary: A boundary that is drawn on a map.
Demarcated Boundary: A boundary that is physically marked on the landscape.
Demilitarized Zone: An area where military forces or operations are prohibited.
Berlin Conference: A meeting in 1884-1885 where European nations divided up Africa among themselves without African representation.
Land Boundary: A boundary that separates two countries on land.
Maritime Boundary: A boundary that separates two countries in the ocean.
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea): An international agreement that defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.
International Waters: Waters beyond the territorial sea.
Territorial Sea: A belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): An area of coastal water and seabed extending 200 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state.
Voting District: A territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body.
Redistricting: The redrawing of electoral district boundaries to ensure equal population size.
Gerrymandering: The drawing of electoral district boundaries to favor one party or group over another.
Unitary State: A state where power is concentrated in the central government.
Federal State: A state where power is divided between the central government and regional governments.
Ethnic Separatism: Advocacy of separation of a certain ethnic group from a larger polity (a country) .As a form of nationalism, ethnic separatism is motivated by the belief that the ethnic collective has its own unique qualities that are profoundly distinct from those of the rest of the country.
Ethnic Cleansing: The systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous.
Terrorism: The use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
Irredentism: A political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim lost territory.
Supranationalism: Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among states to promote shared objectives.
Democratization: The transition to a more democratic political regime.
Economies of Scale: Cost advantages reaped by companies when production becomes efficient.
Trade Agreements: Agreements between countries to reduce barriers to trade.
Military Alliances: Agreements between countries for mutual defense.
Supranational Organizations:
United Nations (UN), NATO, European Union (EU), ASEAN, Arctic Council, African Union.
Failed State: A state that is unable to perform its basic functions.
Ethnic Nationalist Movement: The belief that the ethnic group has the right to self-determination.
Cultural Cohesion: Societal solidarity and connectedness.
Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Mediterranean Climate: Warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
Tropical Climate: Hot and humid all year round.
Types of Agriculture:
Intensive Agriculture: High inputs of labor and/or capital per unit area.
Market Gardening: Intensive production of fruits and vegetables for market.
Plantation Agriculture: Large-scale commercial farming of one or two crops, often in developing countries.
Mixed Crop/Livestock Systems: Integration of crop and livestock farming.
Extensive Agriculture: Low inputs of labor and/or capital per unit area.
Shifting Cultivation: Clearing forests for planting, then moving to new areas as soil fertility declines.
Nomadic Herding: Seasonal movement of livestock between grazing areas.
Ranching: Commercial raising of livestock over large areas.
Settlement Patterns:
Rural: Sparsely populated areas.
Clustered: Dwellings are grouped together.
Dispersed: Dwellings are spread out over a wide area.
Linear Settlement Pattern: Buildings are constructed in lines, often next to a geographical feature like a river or along a road.
Rural Survey Methods:
Metes and Bounds: Uses physical features to define property boundaries.
Township and Range: Uses a grid system to divide land into square-mile sections.
Long Lot: Divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from a river or road.
Domestication: The process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use.
Fertile Crescent: A region in the Middle East where agriculture first developed.
Indus River Valley: Site of early agricultural development in South Asia.
Southeast Asia: Site of early agricultural development.
Central America: Site of early agricultural development.
Columbian Exchange: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyage.
Agricultural Revolutions:
First Agricultural Revolution: The origin of farming.
Second Agricultural Revolution: Increased agricultural productivity through mechanization and new farming techniques.
Green Revolution: Increased agricultural production through high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides.
High-Yield Seed: Seeds bred to produce more crops.
Mechanized Farming: Using machines to increase agricultural output.
Subsistence Agriculture: Farming primarily for personal consumption.
Commercial Agriculture: Farming primarily for sale.
Monocropping/Monoculture: Growing a single crop in a field.
Bid-Rent Theory: Land value changes based on its proximity to the market or city center.
Commodity Chain: The process companies use to gather resources, transform them into commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers.
Economies of Scale: Cost advantages due to mass production.
Von Thünen's Model: A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial economy.
Global Supply Chain: A worldwide network to maximize profits in production.
Export Commodity: Goods or services sold to a foreign country.
Pollution: Contamination of the environment.
Land Cover Change: Changes in the type of land cover (e.g., deforestation).
Desertification: The process by which fertile land becomes desert.
Soil Salinization: The buildup of salts in the soil.
Conservation: Protecting and preserving natural resources.
Slash and Burn Agriculture: Clearing forests by cutting and burning vegetation.
Terrace Farming: Creating level platforms on hillsides to grow crops.
Irrigation: Supplying water to crops through artificial means.
Deforestation: Clearing forests for other land uses.
Pastoral Nomadism: A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Biotechnology: The use of living organisms to develop new products or processes.
GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms): Organisms whose genetic material has been altered.
Aquaculture: The farming of aquatic organisms.
Sustainability: The ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Biodiversity: The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
Fertilizer: A substance that provides nutrients to plants.
Pesticide: A substance that kills pests.
Urban Farming: The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas.
Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA): A system in which consumers buy shares in a local farm and receive a portion of the harvest.
Value-Added Crops: Modifying the original agricultural product to enhance its value.
Special Crops: Fruits, vegetables, and ornamental horticulture.
Fair Trade: Trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.
Local-Food Movement: A movement that promotes the consumption of locally grown food.
Food Insecurity: The state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
Food Desert: An area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.
Unit 6: Urban Land Patterns
Suburbanization: The growth of areas on the fringes of cities.
Sprawl: The expansion of urban areas in an unplanned and uncontrolled manner.
Edge Cities: Concentrations of business, shopping, and entertainment located in the suburbs.
Exurbs: Areas of new development beyond the suburbs.
Boomburbs: Rapidly growing suburban cities.
World Cities: Cities that function as centers of global economic and cultural activity.
Urban Hierarchy: A ranking of cities based on their size and importance.
Global Networks, Linkages: Interconnections among cities.
Rank-Size Rule: The population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.
Primate City: The largest city in a country, which dominates the country's economy, culture, and political affairs.
Christaller's Central Place Theory: A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services.
Urban Models:
Burgess Concentric-Zone Model: A model that describes urban land use in a series of concentric rings.
Hoyt Sector Model: A model that describes urban land use in sectors radiating out from the city center.
Multiple-Nuclei Model: A model that describes urban land use as a collection of nodes.
Galactic City Model: A model that describes the post-industrial city as a collection of dispersed nodes.
Latin American City Model: Combines elements of concentric zone and sector models. Includes a spine of development radiating from the city center, surrounded by elite housing. Poorer residents live in the periphery.
Southeast Asian City Model: Features a port zone and lacks a clear central business district. Instead, it has multiple clusters of commercial activity.
African City Model: Has three CBDs: a colonial CBD, a traditional market zone, and a transitional business center. It is also characterized by ethnic neighborhoods and informal settlements.
Urban Patterns of Land Use: The arrangement of different land uses in urban areas.
Cycles of Development: The process of urban growth and change.
Infilling: The process of building on vacant or underused land within a city.
Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
Sustainability: The ability to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Zoning: Dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc.
Walkability: The extent to which an area is suitable for walking.
Smart Growth: Planned economic and community development that attempts to curb urban sprawl and worsening environmental conditions.
New Urbanism: An urban design movement that promotes walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods with a range of housing types.
Greenbelts: A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
Slow-Growth Cities: Cities that have implemented policies to slow down the rate of growth.
Pros and Cons of Urban Design: Evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of different urban design approaches.
Gentrification: The process of renovating and improving a district so that it conforms to middle-class taste.
Quantitative Data: Numerical information (e.g., census data).
Qualitative Data: Descriptive information (e.g., attitudes, studies).
Redlining: A discriminatory practice in which banks refuse to lend money to people in certain neighborhoods.
Blockbusting: A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.
Affordability: The extent to which housing and other essential goods and services are within the financial reach of individuals and families.
Access to Services: The ability to obtain essential services (e.g., healthcare, education, transportation).
Crime Rates: The number of crimes committed per unit of population.
Environmental Injustice: The disproportionate exposure of minority and low-income communities to environmental hazards.
Disamenity Zone: A squatter settlement or an area with environmental risks.
Zones of Abandonment: Areas within a city that have been largely abandoned due to economic or social factors.
Squatter Settlements: Areas of improvised housing built on land not legally owned or rented by its inhabitants.
Inclusionary Zoning: Zoning regulations that require a percentage of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes.
Local Food Movements: Efforts to promote the consumption of locally grown food.
Fragmentation of Government: The division of governmental authority among multiple entities.
Urban Sustainability Challenges: Issues related to environmental, economic, and social sustainability in urban areas.
Regional Planning: Planning for the development and management of resources across a region.
Brownfields: Contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped.
Protecting Farmland: Efforts to preserve agricultural land from urban development.
Unit 7: Economic Development and Industry
Industrial Revolution: A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Natural Resources: Materials or substances occurring in nature that can be used for economic gain.
Second Agricultural Revolution: Increased agricultural productivity through mechanization and new farming techniques.
Urbanization: The process of population shift from rural to urban areas.
Rise of Colonialism/Imperialism: The expansion of European powers into other parts of the world, leading to the exploitation of resources and labor.
Economic Sectors:
Primary Sector: Extraction of raw materials.
Secondary Sector: Manufacturing and processing of raw materials.
Tertiary Sector: Services.
Quaternary Sector: Information and knowledge-based services.
Quinary Sector: High-level decision-making.
Shipping Containers: Standardized containers for transporting goods.
Break-of-Bulk Point: A location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another.
Least Cost Theory (Weber): A theory that explains the location of industries based on transportation costs, labor costs, and agglomeration economies.
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory: A theory that divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.
Gross National Product (GNP): The total value of goods and services produced by a country's citizens and corporations, regardless of location.
Gross National Income (GNI): The total income earned by a country's citizens and corporations.
Per Capita: Per person.
Formal Economy: The part of the economy that is officially recognized and taxed by the government.
Informal Economy: The part of the economy that is not officially recognized or taxed by the government.
Income Distribution: The distribution of income among individuals or households.
Fertility Rates: The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.
Infant Mortality Rates: The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
Access to Healthcare: The ability to obtain medical care.
Use of Fossil Fuels: The consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas.
Renewable Energy: Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, and hydropower.
Literacy Rates: The percentage of people who can read and write.
Gender Inequality Index (GII): A measure of gender inequality based on reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation.
Indices of Empowerment: Measures the percentage of seats held by each sex in the national parliament; and attainment at secondary and higher education.
Labor-Market Participation: Measures the labor force participation rate of each sex.
The Human Development Index (HDI): A measure of human development based on life expectancy, education, and income.
Roles of Women in Economic Development: Roles have changed as countries develop economically.
Equity in Wages or Employment Opportunities: Achieving equal pay and opportunities for men and women.
Microloans: Small loans given to individuals to start or expand businesses.
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth: A model that describes the stages of economic development that a country goes through as it transitions from a traditional society to a modern, developed economy.
Dependency Theory: The idea that resources flow from poor and underdeveloped states (the periphery) to wealthy states (the core), enriching the latter at the expense of the former.
Complementarity: When two regions can specifically satisfy each other's needs through trade.
Comparative Advantage: The ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower cost than another country.
Neoliberal Policies: Economic policies that promote free trade, deregulation, and privatization.
Free Trade Agreements: Agreements between countries to reduce barriers to trade, such as tariffs.
Government Initiatives Affecting Economic Development: Tariffs.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): An international organization that promotes international monetary cooperation and provides financial assistance to countries in need.
Microlending: Providing small loans to individuals to start or expand businesses.
Outsourcing: Contracting out business processes to third-party providers.
New Manufacturing Zones:
Special Economic Zones, Free-Trade Zones, and Export Processing Zones.
International Division of Labor: The specialization of countries in the production of certain goods or services.
Post-Fordist Production: Flexible production that allows for customization and small-batch production.
Multiplier Effects: The ripple effect of economic activity.
Agglomeration: The clustering of businesses in a particular location.
Just-in-Time Delivery: A system of inventory management in which goods are delivered only when they are needed.
Service Sectors:
High Technology Industries: Industries that rely on advanced technology.
Growth Poles: Centers of economic activity that attract investment and jobs.
Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Causes of climate change: Greenhouse gas emissions form activities that release carbon dioxide, or other greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere
Ecotourism: Tourism that is environmentally responsible and promotes conservation.
UN Sustainable Development Goals: A set of 17 goals adopted by the United Nations to achieve a more sustainable future.
AP Exam Tips
Exam Date: May 4, 2023, 8:00 A.M.
Part I: 60 Multiple Choice Questions (60 minutes).
Part II: 3 Free Response Questions (75 minutes).
Scoring: Both parts are worth 50% of your score.
Total Scores:
5 = Extremely well qualified.
4 = Well qualified.
3 = Qualified (may receive college credit).
2 = Possibly qualified.
1 = No recommendation.
FRQ Guidelines:
Use black or blue ink.
Write in prose (no bullet points).
Label responses (e.g., 2A).
Analyze each question before writing the response and address each task verb and what it is looking for.
Task Verbs:
Identify: State a clear, specific answer.
Define: Give the precise meaning.
Describe: Provide characteristics.
Explain: Give evidence and examples.
Compare: Provide explanation of similarities and differences
AP Human Geography Content Categories:
SPEEDS: Social/Cultural, Political, Economic, Environmental, Demographic, Spatial.
Major Themes: Gender Issues, Sustainability, Healthcare, and Infrastructure.