Tahfim Islamiat (Islamic Studies Compulsory) B.A, B.Sc & B.Com NOTES

Definition of Hadith

• Hadith (plural Ahadith) has several meanings, including 'news', 'report', or 'narration'.
• Defined as 'communication, story, and conversation: religious or secular, historical or recent' [Azami].
• In a narrow technical sense, "a hadith" refers to a particular report about what Allah's Messenger (S) said or did, or his reaction or silence to something said or done by others.
• In a broader sense, "The Hadith" is the total body of reports (speeches, discourses, sermons, and statements), deeds (actions, practices, personal behavior) and tacit approval of Allah's Messenger (S). This term also includes statements made by the Messenger's Companions about him.
• In technical terms Hadith stands for the report of words and deeds, and whatever Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) said or did constitute the Hadith.
• Sunnah is used synonymously with Hadith, but usually the word Sunnah is used while reporting the deeds of Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam), whereas the word Hadith is used while reporting the Statements of Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam).

Hadith No. 0: Importance of Intention

• Narrated by Hazrat Umar Bin Khattab (Allah be pleased with him).
• The Messenger of Allah (Peace be upon him) said:
  • Actions are but by intention and every man shall have which he intended.
  • $إِنَّمَا الْأَعْمَالُ بِالنِيَّاتِ وَإِنَّمَا لِكُلِّ امْرَىءٍ مَّا نَوَى$
  • He whose migration was for Allah and His Messenger, his migration was for Allah and His Messenger.
  • $فمن كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ فَهِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى اللهِ وَرَسُولِهِ$
  • He whose migration was to achieve some worldly benefit or to take some woman in marriage, his migration was for that for which he migrated.
  • $وَمَنْ كَانَتْ هِجْرَتُهُ لِدُنْيَا يُصِيبُهَا أَوْ امْرَأَة يَنْكِحُهَا فَهِجْرَتُهُ إِلَى مَا هَاجَرَ لِلَّهِ$

Explanation of Hadith of Intention

• This hadith is central to Islamic thought, culture, and understanding and shows the balance between the internal and external states of oneself.
• This hadith is great in its benefit and importance, and it has been said that Islam revolves around it.
• Scholars have commented that this hadith comprises one-third of knowledge because the actions of man involve his heart, his tongue and his limbs, and hence the intention in the heart is one-third of action.
• It is also deemed to be one-third of knowledge due to scholars commenting that this hadith along with two others comprises the religion of Islam.
• This is the first hadith that al-Bukhari mentions in his Sahih, and it is one of the most pivotal hadith in Islamic Law.
• Al-Shafi said: "This hadith contains a third of knowledge. It applies to seventy distinct branches of Islamic Law."
• After the Muslims established themselves in Madinah, it became a religious duty for all believers who were able to do so to leave their homelands and emigrate to Madinah, because Madinah was the only Muslim city where the Muslims had the freedom to practice their religion.
• After the conquest of Mecca, it was no longer obligatory for Muslims to move to Madinah.
• It is related that a man sought the hand of a woman called Umm Qays. She refused to marry him unless he undertook the emigration to Madinah. So he made the emigration and married her in Madinah. He became known as "the emigrant to Umm Qays".
• This hadith is general in its meaning, vast in its scope, relating in some way to every action that has or should have an intention behind it.

What is Meant by "Intentions"

• An intention refers to what a person wishes to do or achieve by an action.
• Ibn Rajab explains intentions as:
  1. Distinguishing one act of worship from another (e.g., distinguishing noon prayer from afternoon prayer, voluntary fasts from Ramadan fasts).
  2. Determining the reason behind the act, focusing on sincerity for Allah alone.
• The first meaning concerns jurists, and the second concerns sincerity.
• The Quran speaks about this meaning in great detail, such as
  • $"Among you are those who desire the life of this world and among you are those who desire the Hereafter." [Sûrah Al 'Imrân: 152]$
  • $"Restrain thyself along with those who cry unto their Lord at morn and evening, seeking His Countenance; and let not your eyes overlook them, desiring the pomp of the life of the world" [Sûrah al-Kahf: 28]$
• Ibn Rajab states that early Muslims were concerned about whether acts were done sincerely for Allah alone.

Actions Are Based on Intention

• This hadith emphasizes the importance of having an intention for every physical act that we do, and the importance of having a purpose for every action.
• It also promotes conscious intention and the connection between physical actions and spiritual consequences.
• When a change in intention occurs, a change in the external conditions will follow.
• Intention is also enough for Allah to make a change in our reality.

Showing Off

• Showing off deeds publicly is a major sin.
• The word "by" in "actions are but by intention" shows that the acceptance and correctness of any action depends on the intention behind it.
• The Prophet (s.a.w.w) informed that if you perform an act for the sake of someone else rather than for Allah's sake, then Allah will reject that deed entirely.

Conclusion

• Everything we do has to be intended for the sake of Allah.
• A good action with the wrong intention will not get us any reward in the Hereafter.

Hadith No. 2

• Narrated by Hazrat Usman Ibn Affan (Allah be pleased with him).
• Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) said:
  • "The best amongst you is the one who learns the Holy Quran and teaches it"

Importance of Learning Quran

• The Holy Quran is fountain head of entire learning, but there is a striking difference between the Holy Quran and other books The Quran is word of Allah and books on various branches of knowledge are human studies of Allah's creation.
• The Holy Quran is a treasure of our knowledge and learning that man may need till end of time
• The Holy Prophet (S.AW.W) said:
  • "O people I am leaving behind among you the Holy Book (Quran) and the Sunnah (way of Prophet (S.AW.W)), if you follow these in letter and spirit you will be never be strayed."

Why Learning Quran?

• The Holy Quran is the last and final message of Almighty Allah through His Prophet (s.a.w.w), which guarantees success for mankind in this world and life hereafter.

• The only solution to overcome the miserable plight of Muslim is to resort to the teachings of Holy Quran.

• And in the Holy Quran it is mentioned that

  • $"And how will you disbelieve (now) while you are (fortunate) ones to whom the Verses of Allah are recited, and the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon him) is (himself) present among you?$
  • Whoever holds fast to (the Embrace of) Allah is most surely guided to the straight path."

• When a man starts learning or teaching the Holy Quran, the doors of spiritual satisfaction and solace start opening in his heart.

  • "And indeed We have made the Qur'an easy for direction and guidance, but is there anyone who will take advice?" (Sura Al-Qamar 54, verse #17)

• Students and teachers of the Holy Quran both have been praised many times in Ahadith (traditions) by the Holy Prophet (Peace and Blessings be upon Him).

  • "The Best amongst you is (he) who learns and teaches the Holy Quran." (Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 4, Hadith # 4739)
  • "O Abu Zar! It is better for you to learn a single verse of Holy Quran in the morning rather to pray hundreds of Rakaat (Nafal Prayer)" (Ibn-e-Ma'ja, Volume 1, Hadith # 619)

A Muslim’s Status is Raised by the Quran

• A Muslim's status is raised by the Quran - the more he recites, follows its commandments and makes Quran part of his or her life, the more Allah will elevate his or her status in this life and hereafter.
• The Prophet (s.a.w.w) said,
  • $"Verily Allah raises some people by this Book and lowers others by it."$
• The Prophet (s.a.w.w) said,
  • $"Such a person who recites the Quran and masters it by heart, will be with the noble righteous scribes (in Heaven). And such a person exerts himself to learn the Quran by heart, and recites it with great difficulty, will have a double reward."$

Hadith No. 3

• Malik Bin (Son of) Anas narrated that
• Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) said:
  • "I have left amongst you two things which, if you hold fast to them, you will never stray: The Book of Allah, and the my Sunnah."

Importance of Quran:

• The Quran is the final Book of Allah. It was revealed through Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w).
• It's primary message is the message of Tawheed, or Islamic monotheism.
• The Quran is the only one of Allah's books that is still available in the original text.
• The Quran is in Arabic, we always have one, standardized version.
• Quran is important for Muslims because it is the holy book of Islam religion and real Allah words revealed to Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w) through the Angel Gabriel (Jibril).
• Reciting Quran by Muslims is an important worship that provides Muslims with peace and comfort and brings them closer to Allah.
• In addition, Quran:
  • Calls for worship of Allah, the one and only one Allah, with no partner and no companion and no son.
  • Corrects previous faiths and previous holy book texts from alterations introduced by humans.
  • Describes ritual worship and relevant obligations.
  • Sets Allah commands as for what to do and what not to do.
  • Lays down basis for true faith and right path to God.
  • States tales of old nations for gaining lessons for true faith and good life.
  • Gives scientific statements that were only validated by current technologies and discoveries to provide evidences on the authenticity and miracle of Quran God revelation and not human written text.
  • Reminds with the Day of Judgment to be prepared for it and describes the 2nd life and the paradise and hell fire

Importance of Sunnah

• The Sunnah [words and deeds of the Prophet (s.a.w.w) came to explain and complement the Quran.
• The Prophet (s.a.w.w) said: "I have been given the Qur'aan and something like it with it."
• Referring to Allaah means referring to the Quran, and referring to His Messenger means referring to the Sunnah.

Hadith No. 0: Five Fundamental Principles of Islam

• Narrated Ibn Umar (Allah be pleased with him)
• Apostle peace be upon him said
  • Islam is based on the following five Principles of Islam
    Testifying that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is the servant of Allah and his Messenger.
    Performing the prayers and paying zakat
    And making the pilgrimage to the house and fasting in Ramdan

Explanation of Five Pillars of Islam

• The 'Five Pillars' of Islam are the foundation of Muslim life:
  • Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad;
  • Establishment of the daily prayers;
  • Concern for and almsgiving to the needy;
  • Self-purification through fasting; and
  • The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able.

Iman or Faith

• There is none worthy of worship except Allah and Muhammad (s.aw.w) is the messenger of Allah.
• This declaration of faith is called the Shahadah.
• The significance of this declaration is the belief that the only purpose of life is to serve and obey Allah, and this is achieved through the teachings and practices of the Last Prophet, Muhammad (s.a.w.w).

Salah or Prayer

• Salah is the name for the obligatory prayers that are performed five times a day, and are a direct link between the worshippers Allah.

• Prayers are said at dawn, mid-day, late-afternoon, sunset and nightfall, and thus determine the rhythm of the entire day.

• These five prescribed prayers contain verses from the Qur'an, and are said in Arabic, the language of the Revelation.

• A translation of the Adan or Call to Prayer is:

  • ALLAH is Great.
  • I testify that there is none worthy of worship except ALLAH.
  • I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of ALLAH.
  • Come to prayer!
  • Come to success!
  • ALLAH is Great!
  • There is none worthy of worship except ALLAH.

• Allah has said in the Noble Qur'an:

  • "I have not created the jinn and humankind for any other purpose except that they should worship me." (Noble Qur'an 51:56)

• Salah (Salat, Namaz) strengthens the foundations of our faith.

• Salah (Salat, Namaz) is a practical sign of obedience to the commands of Allah.

• Its importance has been emphasized about 500 times in the Noble Qur'an.

• Holy Prophet Mohammad (s.a.w.w) said:

  • $"The sins of those who pray Salah drop off as the leaves of this branch fell off."$
  • $"Almighty Allah (SWT) has set the light of my eyes in Salah (Salat, Namaz) and made it the most desirable thing for me, like the food for the hungry and the water for the thirsty. The hungry is contented after the meal and the thirsty is satisfied after drinking water. But my thirst for Salah (Salat, Namaz) is never quenched."$

Fasting in Quran

• Fasting is an act of worship made obligatory for the believers in the 2 AH.

• It is one of the pillars on which the structure of Islam is erected.

• Fasting is prescribed to the Muslims in the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the lunar calendar.

• In the context of the Holy Quran, it means to completely refrain from food, drink and sex from the break of dawn till sunset.

• The first revelation of the Holy Quran took place in this month.

• In this regard the Quran says;

  • "Ramadan is the (month) in which was sent down the Quran as a guide to mankind…So everyone of you who is present (at his home) during that month should spend it in fasting, but if anyone is ill, or on a journey, the prescribed period (should be made up) by days later." (2:185)

• The Quran says;

  • "O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you, as it was prescribed to those before you, so that ye may (learn) self-restraint."(2:183)

• The importance of fasting in the life of a believer is immense not just to cleanse his soul, but also to abstain from ill doings and learn self-restraint.

• $"Oh you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that you many learn piety and righteousness" (Q.2:183)$

The Hadith on Fasting

• Abu Huraira related that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Whoever fasts during Ramadan with faith and seeking his reward from Allah will have his past sins forgiven.
• Abu Huraira related that Rasulullah said: If anyone omits his fast even for one day in Ramadan without concession or without being ill, then if he were to fast for the rest of his life he could not make up for it (Bukhari).
• Abu Huraira related that the Prophet said:
  • Allah the Majestic and Exalted said: "Every deed of man will receive ten to 700 times reward, except Siyam (fasting), for it is for Me and I shall reward it (as I like). There are two occasions of joy for one who fasts: one when he breaks the fast and the other when he will meet his Lord" (Muslim).
• Abu Huraira related that Rasulullah said: Many people who fast get nothing from their fast except hunger and thirst, and many people who pray at night get nothing from it except wakefulness (Darimi).

Effects of Fasting

• Through fasting, a Muslim experiences hunger and thirst, and sympathizes with those in the world who have little to eat every day.
• Through family and community gatherings, Muslims strengthen the bonds of brotherhood and sisterhood, in their own communities and throughout the world.

Benefits of Fasting

• Taqwa:
  • Fearing Allah
  • Practicing the Revelations of Allah
  • Accepting the little things that one has achieved
  • Self-discipline
  • Preparing for departure from this world to the Hereafter
  • Self-control
  • Self-restraint
  • Self-education
  • Self-evaluation
• Protection:
  • Avoiding Immorality
  • Avoiding anger/outcry/uproar
  • Avoiding stupidity
  • Avoiding all makrooh/mashbooh/haram
• Revelation of Holy Quran: The Holy Quran was revealed during the month of Ramadhan.
  • A Guidance to mankind
  • A Manifestation of right from wrong
  • A Summation and culmination of all previous revelations
  • A Glad-tiding to the believers
  • A Healer
  • A Mercy
• A blessing in which:
  • Doors of heaven are open
  • Doors of hell are closed
  • Devils are chained down
  • Fasting with Iman (faith) and expectation: Such type of intention leads to forgiveness by Allah (SWT) to the individual's sins.
  • Door of Rayyan
  • Rejoices

Zakat

• In Islam, one of the most important principles, is that all things belong to God, and hence wealth therefore is held by human beings in trust.
• The word Zakat means both 'purification' and 'growth'. Our possessions are purified by setting aside a proportion for those in need.
• Zakat is the amount of money that every adult, mentally stable, free, and financially able Muslim, male and female, has to pay to support specific categories of people.

Importance of Zakat

• In the Holy Quran, wealth is referred to as God's bounty (fadl).
• …those who spend in charity, whether in prosperity or adversity. Who restrain their anger and pardon people; God loves the charitable (who do good with others)…

Categories in Receiving Zakat

Zakat is distributed among 8 asnaf (categories) of people, namely:

• Fakir
• Miskin
• Amil
• Muallaf
• Riqab
• Gharmin
• Fisabilillah
• Ibnus Sabil

Further Benefits of Zakat

• The moral and material benefits of Zakat are obvious.
• In the Holy Quran it is stated that : "To Him belong the keys of the heavens and the earth; He enlarges or restricts the sustenance to whom He wills, for He knows full well all things." (42:12)
• "He has raised some of you in ranks above others that He may try you in the gifts He has given you." (6: 165)
• "…so that this (wealth) may not circulate solely among the rich from you.