GENDER AND SOCIETY
RTU PHILOSOPHY - The Rizal Technological University believes in nurturing the creative potential of Filipinos to excel in a dynamic world order and advocates commitment to global peace and sustainable development along with a sense of moral responsibility and cultural patronage.
RTU VISION - A leading technology-driven university responsive to the development needs of changing societies.
RTU MISION - To develop globally competitive and socially responsible professionals through technology-driven instructions, innovative research, and sustainable extension programs that will enhance the lives of people in the communities.
Sociology of Gender – a subfield of sociology that focuses on the study of how gender is socially constructed, how it influences social interactions and relationships, and how it intersects with other social categories such as race, class, and sexuality.
Sex- physical and biological traits that make someone a male or a female.
Gender - socially and culturally constructed roles, behaviors, expectations, and identities that societies assign to individuals based on their perceived sex.
Sexual orientation - defined as an individual's emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others of the same or opposite genders.
Gender queer - describe individuals whose gender identity and expression do not conform to traditional binary concepts of male or female.
Gender expression - refers to the way individuals outwardly express their gender identity to others through their appearance, behavior, clothing, hairstyles, and other external characteristics.
Gender identity - refers to an individual's deeply held sense of their own gender, which may or may not align with the sex assigned to them at birth
Transgender - individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.
Two-spirit - a culturally specific concept that originates from some Indigenous cultures in North America. It is used to describe individuals who embody both masculine and feminine qualities or who have a gender identity that does not fit within the traditional binary understanding of male or female.
Pansexual - is a sexual orientation characterized by the potential for attraction to people of all gender identities or regardless of their gender.
Polyamory – a relationship style known as polyamory involves people having numerous partners at the same time and engaging in open, sincere, and peaceful relationships.
Intersex - used to describe individuals who are born with biological variations in their sexual anatomy, reproductive organs, or chromosomal patterns that do not fit typical definitions of male or female.
Agender - used to describe individuals who do not identify with or experience a gender identity. They may not feel a connection to the concepts of being male, female, or any other gender identity.
Gender Stereotype - Consists of beliefs about the psychological traits and characteristics of as well as the activities appropriate to men or women.
Stereotypical Family - A stereotypical family refers to a traditional and widely recognized image or idea of what a family should be like. It often includes a married heterosexual couple, their biological children, and a specific division of roles within the family.
Gender-stereotyped parenting - refers to the practice of parents adhering to traditional gender roles and expectations when raising their children.
Evolution Theory - Charles Darwin's seminal theory of evolution, also known as the principle of natural selection, has served as a cornerstone in our understanding of biological science. This theory posits that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of inherited variations that enhance an individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce in its environment. Variations, according to Darwin, are naturally occurring differences within a population, and these can be passed down from generation to generation. Individuals with variations that provide an advantage in their specific environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby transmitting these beneficial traits to their progeny. Over successive generations, these advantageous traits become more prevalent within the population, leading to evolutionary change. This gradual accumulation of inherited characteristics can ultimately result in the emergence of new species. Thus, Darwin's theory of evolution provides a comprehensive and scientifically robust explanation for the intricate biodiversity we observe in the natural world, emphasizing the dynamic and adaptive nature of life on Earth.
Common Descent - Common descent refers to the concept in evolutionary biology that suggests that all living organisms on Earth share a common ancestor. According to this theory, all species, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, have evolved and diversified over millions of years from a single ancestral population.
Gradualism – proposed by James Hutton, is a hypothesis, a theory or a tenet assuming that change comes about gradually or that variation is gradual in nature and happens over time as opposed to in large steps. Uniformitarianism, incrementalism, and reformism are similar concepts.
Multiplication of species - explains the origin of the enormous organic diversity. It postulates that species multiply, either by splitting into daughter species or by ''budding,'' that is by the establishment of , geographically. isolated founder populations that evolve into new species.
Natural selection - It is the process by which certain heritable traits become more or less common in a population over successive generations based on their impact on an organism's survival and reproductive success.
Social Role Theory – proposed by Alice Eagly and Wendy Wood, is a psychological theory that explains how social roles, expectations, and norms shape individuals' behavior and influence their attitudes and beliefs. It proposes that societal expectations and cultural norms associated with different social roles, such as gender, occupation, or relationship status, influence individuals' behavior and self-perception.
Social Constructive Theory – proposed by Lev Vygotsky, is a perspective in social psychology and sociology that emphasizes the role of social interactions and cultural context in the construction of knowledge, identities, and reality. It suggests that individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through their interactions with others and the cultural norms and values of their society.
Migration Theory – proposed by Henry Beyer, is a field of study that seeks to understand the reasons and motivations behind individuals and households moving from one location to another, whether it is domestically or internationally. It aims to explain the factors that influence migration decisions and the maintenance of migration flows over time.
Social Values of Filipinos
1. Family Unit - A family unit refers to a social group that typically consists of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together in a shared household.
2. Personalism - a philosophical and ethical perspective that emphasizes the intrinsic value and dignity of the person. It promotes the idea that each person has inherent worth and should be respected and treated as an end in themselves, rather than merely as a means to an end.
3. Concept of Loob - The concept of "loob" is a central concept in Filipino values and culture. Loob, which translates to "inside" in English, refers to the innermost self, one's interiority, and the holistic well-being of an individual. It encompasses various dimensions, including emotions, thoughts, intentions, desires, values, and conscience.
4. Security of the Philippine Economy
5. Orientation to small groups
Social Class
Before
1. Poor
2. Rich
Now
1. High income
2. Middle income
3. Low income
Updated
1. Upper class
2. Upper middle class
3. Middle class
4. Working class
5. Poor
Social Class (determinants)
1. Wealth
2. Material Possession (jewelries, cars, houses)
3. Power
4. Authority
5. Prestige
6. Education
7. Healthcare
8. Leisure time
Gender Socialization – how do different genders socialize
with others?
1. Family
2. Peers
3. Education
4. Social media or mass media
Attitude – mental view
Behavior – execution of attitude
Attitude in Socializing – Positive and negative
Hominin (7000 years) - refers to any member of the tribe Hominini, which includes modern humans (Homo sapiens), as well as extinct human species and their immediate ancestors. Hominins are characterized by their bipedal locomotion (walking on two legs), erect posture, larger brains compared to other primates, and tool use.
Basis of Inequality
1. Resources
2. Power
3. Authority
Basis of Inequality (Access)
1. Education
2. Healthcare
3. Leisure
Avoidant Personality Disorder (AvPD) - a mental health illness characterized by persistent feelings of inadequacy and heightened sensitivity to criticism. People with AVPD want to communicate with others, yet they avoid social situations owing to a strong fear of rejection.
Sex-typed - sex-typed person displays behaviors and traits that match the gender they were assigned at birth. They adhere to societal expectations of what it means to be men or women.
Cross-sex-typed- a cross-sex-typed person displays behaviors and traits that do not match the gender assigned to them at birth.
Androgynous - those who have both masculine and feminine qualities. They may identify as non-binary, meaning they do not exclusively identify as male or female. Instead, they may see themselves as having a gender identity that falls outside of the binary categories of male and female.
Undifferentiated - a term used to describe an individual who doesn't strongly identify as either male or female or may feel connected to aspects of both genders at the same time. People with undifferentiated gender may experience their gender identity as flexible, meaning it can change over time or in different situations.
Gender-Schema Theory by Sandra Bem - a cognitive theory that seeks to explain how individuals acquire and develop gender roles and gender identity. It suggests that society's expectations and stereotypes about gender influence the way individuals process and organize information related to gender.