UCSP
CULTURAL BEING
A culture bearer is a person who is deeply rooted in the layers of their heritage.
Humans are considered as culture bearers who carry their ancestors' traditions and beliefs.
SOCIAL BEING
Every individual is a social being who always belongs to a group and interacts with other people.
"Man is Social Animal."
Aristotle
POLITICAL BEING
"Man is a Political Animal."
It is because man is a social creature with the power of speech and moral reasoning. We are subjected to power relations, and in reality, our very existence, our
relationships, our decisions, our choices, our rights, and privileges are limited because we are governed by the rules and laws of our society.
STUDYING CULTURE
helps us share our culture and be able to adapt to other cultures
Studying Culture
gives us background on how diverse and complex other customs, traditions, and cultural practices are;
Studying Culture
teaches us how to value tolerance, and respect for people of different races, religions, genders, and political backgrounds;
Studying Culture
promotes the importance of the arts, local and national heritage, oral history, cuisine, and the myriad yet unique life ways of people across cultures.
STUDYING SOCIETY
gives meaning to the importance of the self in relation to others (Kapwa);
STUDYING SOCIETY
gives us a full understanding of how social groups affect our thinking and behavior; and
• acknowledges that social institutions (e.g. family, education, Business, government, etc.) shape, and affect how we live our life and what we would become as a citizen and members of this society.
STUDYING POLITICS
educates us on the importance of exercising our rights and maximizing our political participation to sustain, maintain or change society;
Studying Politics
examines power relations in society and how these affect the recognition and affirmation of our identity, rights, and duties as citizens;
Studying Politics
provides a bigger context on how government works and how rules, regulations, and laws maintain social order, cohesion, and unity.
ANTHROPOLOGY
It is the study of humans' past and present in order to understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all human history.
SOCIOLOGY
It is the systematic study of social behavior and human groups.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
It is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives.
CULTURE
used by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive Culture
Knowledge
It refers to any information received and perceived to be true.
Beliefs
The perception of accepted reality.
Reality
refers to the existence of things whether material or non-material
Social Norms
These are established expectations of society as to how a person is supposed to act depending on the requirements of the time, place, or situation
Culture as learned
We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media.
Culture is shared
The culture is learned across different societies.
Culture as cumulative
Knowledge is stored and passed on from one generation to the next, and the new knowledge is being added to what existing.
Culture as diverse
The sum total of human culture
Culture is dynamic
simply means that cultures interact and change
Culture is Adaptive
adapts to various environmental and geographical condition as witnessed throughout the context of history of the world.
Human Evolution
lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of pproximately six million years
Homo Habits
> Handy Man
> First to make stone tools
> Recognized to be the first true human
Homo Rudolfsensis
Characterized by a longer face, larger molar and premolar teeth, and having a larger braincase compared to habilis particular larger frontal lobes, areas of the brain that processes information.
Homo Erectus
› Upright Man
> The body proportions similar to that of modern humans
• They were the first hunters with improvised tools such as axes and knives, and were the first to produce fire.
Homo Sapiens
• Wise Man
• Present human race belongs to this
species
Homo Sapiens Neanderthanlensis
• Hunting and Gathering food
• Sewing clothes from animal skin using bone needles
Homo sapiens sapiens
• Cro-Magnon
• Anatomically modern humans and lived in last Ice Age of Europe
• They were the first to produce art in save paintings and crafting decorated tools and accessories.
Hunting and Gathering Society
It is also called "Foraging Society" because survival is anchored on searching and gathering food from nature.
Neolitic Age
Neolithic Period (New Stone Age)
Living in permanent places
They learned how to do farming
Food production become easier and more accessible to the dwellers of this society.
Early Civilization and the Rise of the State
These civilizations all sprouted near a river.
Since they had the capacity to harvest the resources
resources from nearby bodies of water.
Democratization
Democracy originated from city-states of ancient Greece in Athens sometimes around 500 BCE.
Now democracy stands for the government of the people:
Industrial Society
The invention of the steam engine was an important turning point in the transition from agricultural to industrial society.
Post - Industrial Societies
It depended on specialized knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology
It is characterized by the spread of computer industries
Knowledge and information are hallmarks of this society
Family is a group of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption and who often live together and share economic resources.
FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY
1. Regulation of Sexual Activity
> All societies regulate sexual activity to some extent
2. SOCIALIZATION
The family is the first agent of socialization, so societies rely on the family to teach the norms of the society.
3. REPRODUCTION
> Family is the approved social unit for producing members to replace those who die or move away. Rules are set in place about who can raise children and Grow children should be raised
4. Economic and Emotional Security
> Family is the basic economic unit.
Family is expected to guide the psychological development of its members and provide a loving environment
DIFFERENT FAMILY STRUCTURES
1. Nuclear family - One or both parents and their children.
2. Family of orientation - The nuclear family into which the person is born or adopted
3. Family of procreation - When a person marries, a new nuclear family is formed, called a
4. Extended family - Two or more generations
5. Kinship - Network of people who are related by marriage, birth, or adoption
AUTHORITY PATTERNS
1. Patriarchy - Father holds most of the authority.
2. Matriarchy - Mother holds most of the authority.
3. Egalitarian - Mother and father share authority.
EDUCATION (FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE TO SOCIETY)
> process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university.
SCHOOLING
› formal education, which involves instruction by specially trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies.
Functionalist view
Studies the ways in which education aids society
a. Teaching Knowledge and Skills
• Children must learn the knowledge and skills they will need as adults.
b. Social Integration
• Education serves to produce a society of individuals who share a common national identity.
c. Transmission of Culture
• For societies to survive, they must pass on core values of their culture.
d. Occupational Placement
• Education screens and selects the members of society for the work they will do as adults.
Conflict View
Studies the ways in which education maintains the imbalance of power in society
a. Tracking
• Involves the assignment of students to different types of educational programs
b. Education and Socioeconomic Status
• Opportunities for educational success are distributed unequally.
• Higher-status college students outnumber lower-status college students.
c. Social Control
• Schools produce unquestioning citizens who accept the basic inequalities of the social system.
Interactionist view
The face-to-face interaction of the classroom
a. Student-Teacher Interaction
• Students labeled fast learners or slow learners without any data eventually took on the characteristics of the label.
• A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that leads to behavior that makes the prediction come true
TWO TYPES OF EDUCATION
1. Formal Education - refers to the systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and sequential learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling.
2. Non-Formal Education - It refers to organized systematic educational activity carried outside the frame work the formal system to provide selected types of learning to a segment of the population.
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EDUCATION
Elementary Education - Elementary education is the first part of the education system and it includes the fist six years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 6
Secondary Education - Is concerned primarily with continuing basic education of the elementary level and expanding it to include the learning of employable, gainful skills, usually corresponding to 4 years of junior high school and 2 years of senior high school
Tertiary Education - Most institutions of higher learning are regulated by the Commission of Higher Education. Vocational Education - Accredited private institution offer technical and vocational Education
INSTITUTION - is a society or organization founded for a religious, social, educational or similar purposes
STATE INSTITUTIONS
> organizations established, organized and authorized by the government to perform specific functions and task.
NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
• establishments which are not owned and controlled by the government (Angat Buhay)
1. BANKS
> places or institutions where people place or deposit their money or savings with corresponding interest on a given period of time and or assets for safekeeping.
Three main functions, namely:
• Banks are depository of savings.
• Banks are largely responsible for the payments system.
• Banks issue loans to both people and companies.
CORPORATION
company or group of people to act as a single entity and recognize as such in law. Registered corporations have legal personality and are owned by shareholders. ( Nestle, Shell, Globe)
3. COOPERATIVES
> Owned and operated by group of individuals for their mutual benefits. It's a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its members. (Coop, PFF)
Here are the seven cooperative principles:
• Voluntary and open membership
• Democratic member control
• Economic participation by members
• Autonomy and independence
• Education, training and information
• Cooperation among cooperatives
• Concern for community
4. TRADE UNION
• organization whose membership consists of workers and union leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests
Trade union consists of the following types:
A. Company union
- Also called HOUSE UNION.
- Represents the interests of only one company and may not have any connection with other unions.
B. General Union
-Also called as INDUSTRIAL UNION
- Represents workers from several companies in the same industry.
C. Craft Union
- Represents skilled workers in a particular field such as carpentry or welding.
D. Labour Union
- A labour union represents the collective interests of workers, bargaining with employers over such concerns as wages and working conditions.
5. TRADE UNION CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES
> TUCP is a national trade union center of the Philippines. It is one of the major labor federations in the country that plays significant role in representing the interest of workers and advocating their rights.
6. Transnational Advocacy Groups
> open and fluid relationship among advocacy groups that deal with economic, political, social, and environmental issues.
7. Development Aid Agencies
• the purpose is to distribute aid or the voluntary transfer of economic, social, political, and environmental resources from one nation state to another.
8. International Organizations
> group that has an international scope and membership. International organizations operate within and across borders to promote a particular aspect or field of development
POLITICS is a "loaded term"
› defined in such different ways: politics as public affairs, the art of government, the study of power and the study of conflict resolution
EXECUTIVE
• composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years.
LEGISLATIVE
• authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives.
JUDICIARY
• The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable
band is usually very small, oftentimes nomadic group that is connected by family ties and is politically independent. Moving from place to place, usually in search of food, bands are most often made up of hunter-gathers.
Bands are essentially associations of families living together. They are loosely allied by marriage, descent, friendship and common interest.
TRIBES
A tribe is somewhat more complex than a band. These groups have a specif c purposes, they also serve to create order and a sense of unity for a tribe.
Tribes commonly have the village headmen who perform leadership roles, but these individuals have relatively limited authority.
Chiefdoms are similar to bands and tribes in being mostly classless societies Chiefdoms differ in having a more or less permanent, fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions for their societies.
State level political systems fist appeared in societies with large-scale intensive agriculture. They began as chiefdoms and then evolved into more centralized, authoritarian kingdoms when their
populations grew into tens of the thousands people. States are socially stratified into largely distinct classes in terms of wealth, power and prestige.
Traditional authority is legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, often heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent.
Charismatic authority is found in the leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is base upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual.
Rational legal legitimacy
from the system of institutional procedure, where government institutions establish and enforce law and order in the public interest. Therefore it is through public trust that the government will abide the law that confers rational legal legitimacy.
RELIGION
>It is a system of roles and norms that is organized around the sacred realm and that binds people together in social groups.
Defined as profane (Anything that is part of the ordinary world and thus common place and familiar)
sacred (Anything that is part of the supernatural world and that inspires us, respect, and reverence).
FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION
SOCIAL COHESION
• Encourages the strengthening of bonds among people.
SOCIAL CONTROL
•Encourages conformity to the norms and values of society.
EMOTIONAL SUPPORT -
• Provides comfort in times of personal suffering and natural disaster.
THREE TYPES OF BELIEF SYSTEMS
1. ANIMISM
• Belief that spirits actively influence human life
• Spirits are contained through out mother nature
• Spirits are not worshiped as gods, but are instead seen as supernatural forces that may issue assistance. (Example: Shamanism)
2. THEISM
A belief in a god or gods. It can be
A. Monotheism
A belief in one god, who is usually the creator and moral authority
Examples: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
B. Polytheism
A belief in a number of gods.
Usually centers on one powerful god with lesse gods
Examples: Hinduism or Greek/Roman Gods
3. ETHICALISM
• Based on the idea that moral principles have a sacred quality
• A set of principles such as truth, honor, and tolerance serve as a guide to living
• Examples: Buddhism, Confucianism, and Shintoism
CHALLENGES RELATED TO RELIGION
1. EXISTENTIAL CRISIS
• Challenging life events may lead some people to question their faith. For some, this is experienced as an existential crisis.
2. SEXUALITY
• Some people may encounter difficulties if their religious beliefs conflict with their sexuality or gender identity.
3. RELATIONSHIPS
• Any relationship can be strained at times. Partners who do not share the same religious beliefs can experience unique challenges, including social and cultural pressures. Some people may feel pressure to choose a partner of the same religion.
4. FAMILY AND CULTURAL PRESSURES
• Some people experience pressure from family or friends to conform to a particular religion. This can be problematic if it conflicts with the person's own beliefs.
5. IDENTITY
• Many people will go through periods of questioning and trying to understand their identity in relation to their faith.
Your personal worldview may differ to your religious background, which can be challenging.
- 6. DISCRIMINATION OR STIGMA -
• People may be subjected to inequitable action as a result of religious beliefs. This is particularly likely for minority groups. Some people may experience bullying or harassment as a result of their beliefs.
7. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH GOOD MENTAL HEALTH
• While religion is generally associated with good mental health, there are some religions that may make people more vulnerable, such as controlling or extreme religions.