Geography end of year exam

GNI per capita is the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a year plus income from abroad, divided by the number of people (per capita) living in that country.

GNI per capita allows us to compare wealth between different countries. However, the calculation only tells us the average income within a country. The wealth of the country may not be shared out equally. Some people may earn a lot of money, whereas others may have very little. The Human Development Index is made up of a number of important measures:

  • GNI per capita

  • number of years of education

  • life expectancy

HDI values can range from 0 (less developed) to 1 (more developed).

HDI is a composite measure. It looks at three things - health, wealth and education. Looking at this range of measures can give a better overall idea of how a country is doing.

However, HDI does not consider other important factors, such as inequality or environmental issues. For example, HDI does not show whether there is a gender pay gap - a difference between the average earnings of men and women.The crust of the Earth is not made up of one solid piece – it is split into plates which float on the upper portion of the mantle. There are two types of plate:

  • dense oceanic crust

  • less dense thick continental crust

These plates move slowly and either move apart, towards or past each other.

The point at which these plates meet is known as a ‘plate margin’. It is at the plate margins where the most tectonic activity and tectonic hazards, such as volcanoes and earthquakes, occur.There are a number of hazards caused by plate tectonics including earthquakes and tsunamis.

  • Earthquakes have both primary effects (such as the destruction of buildings) and secondary effects (such as fires, water contamination, or spread of diseases) .

  • There are ways of reducing the effects of earthquakes by, for example, planning, predicting and preparing. The shaking of the ground caused by an earthquake can cause a variety of effects. These can be classed as primary or secondary effects. Primary effects are caused by the earthquake itself, whereas the secondary effects are caused by the primary effects.

    Primary effects

    • Buildings may collapse due to the shaking of the ground.

    • People may die if they are inside a building when it collapses.

    • Roads may be blocked, gas and water pipes could be broken and electricity could be cut off.