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📘 Chapter 4 – The Roman Republic Flashcards

Q1. Who were the early settlers of Rome?

A1. Latins (built villages on Tiber River), Greeks (brought culture, farming, alphabet), Etruscans (builders, engineers).

Q2. What was the basic unit of Roman society?

A2. The family, led by the father (paterfamilias) who had full authority.

Q3. What does piety (pietas) mean in Roman values?

A3. Duty and devotion to family, gods, and country.

Q4. What does gravitas mean in Roman values?

A4. Seriousness, self-discipline, and dignity in action.

Q5. What does dignitas mean in Roman values?

A5. Honor and reputation earned through service and achievements.

Q6. What were the two social classes in Rome?

A6. Patricians (wealthy nobles) and Plebeians (commoners).

Q7. When did Rome overthrow its monarchy and become a Republic?

A7. 509 B.C., when Tarquin the Proud (last Etruscan king) was overthrown.

Q8. How many consuls ruled Rome and for how long?

A8. Two consuls ruled together for one year.

Q9. What was the role of the Roman Senate?

A9. 300 members; controlled finances, foreign policy, and advised magistrates.

Q10. What was the Assembly of Centuries?

A10. A voting body made up of soldiers; elected consuls and passed laws.

Q11. What was the Council of Plebeians?

A11. A plebeian assembly created to give commoners a voice.

Q12. Who were the Tribunes and what power did they have?

A12. Ten officials elected by plebeians who could veto unfair laws.

Q13. What was the Law of the 12 Tables?

A13. Rome’s first written laws (451 B.C.); made laws public and equal for all.

Q14. Who was Pyrrhus and why is “Pyrrhic victory” important?

A14. A Greek king who fought Rome with elephants; won battles so costly they were almost defeats.

Q15. What caused the First Punic War?

A15. Rome and Carthage fought over Sicily.

Q16. What was the outcome of the First Punic War?

A16. Rome won and gained Sicily.

Q17. Who led Carthage in the Second Punic War?

A17. Hannibal, who used elephants to cross the Alps into Italy.

Q18. What was Hannibal’s U-shape strategy?

A18. Surrounding and crushing Roman troops at the Battle of Cannae.

Q19. What was Hannibal’s cow strategy?

A19. Tied torches to cattle horns at night to trick Romans.

Q20. Who defeated Hannibal and where?

A20. Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.

Q21. What happened in the Third Punic War?

A21. Rome destroyed Carthage (149–146 B.C.), burned it, and spread salt on its land.

Q22. What does “bread and circuses” mean?

A22. Free food and entertainment given to distract poor Romans from problems.

Q23. Who were the Gracchi brothers and what happened to them?

A23. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus; tried land reforms for poor; both were killed.

Q24. Who fought in the civil war between Marius and Sulla? Who won?

A24. Generals Marius (for plebeians) and Sulla (for patricians); Sulla won.

Q25. Who were the members of the First Triumvirate?

A25. Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.

Q26. What reforms did Julius Caesar make?

A26. Became dictator for life, changed the calendar, added July (after himself).

Q27. When and how did Julius Caesar die?

A27. Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C. (the Ides of March) by senators.