Comprehensive Vietnamese THPTQG Thematic Vocabulary Guide 2026

Educational Foundations and Terminology: Giáo dục

Academic is an adjective pronounced as /ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk/, defined as "thuộc học thuật, học vấn." It is used specifically when discussing learning records or institutional environments. For example: "She has an excellent academic record." Synonyms include scholarly and intellectual.

Curriculum is a noun pronounced as /kəˈrɪk.jə.ləm/, which refers to the "chương trình học" or the core instructional content of a school. Usage involves official teaching guidelines, such as: "The school revised its curriculum to include more STEM subjects." Related terms are syllabus and coursework.

Scholarship is a noun pronounced as /ˈskɒl.ə.ʃɪp/, meaning "học bổng" or scholarly achievements. It describes financial support for students, as seen in: "She won a full scholarship to study abroad." Its synonyms include grant and bursary.

Compulsory is an adjective pronounced /kəmˈpʌl.sər.i/, meaning "bắt buộc." It is used to indicate non-negotiable requirements, such as statutory schooling: "Education is compulsory for children aged $6$ to $15$." Synonyms are mandatory and obligatory.

Literacy is a noun pronounced /ˈlɪt.ər.ə.si/, defined as "khả năng đọc viết." It pertains to fundamental skills required by education ministries: "Improving literacy rates is a key goal of the education ministry." Related concepts include reading skills and numeracy.

Graduate functions as both a verb and a noun, pronounced /ˈɡræd.ju.eɪt/. It means "tốt nghiệp" (v) or "người tốt nghiệp" (n). It is utilized to describe the completion of a course: "She graduated from university with honors." Equivalent terms include complete or finish.

Enroll is a verb pronounced /ɪnˈrəʊl/, meaning "ghi danh, đăng ký học." It refers to the formal process of joining a school or course: "Students must enroll before the deadline." Synonyms are register and sign up.

Discipline is a noun pronounced /ˈdɪs.ɪ.plɪn/, referring to "kỷ luật" or a specific "lĩnh vực học thuật." It highlights the necessity of order in learning: "Good discipline is essential for effective learning." Descriptive synonyms include order or field of study.

Extracurricular is an adjective pronounced /ˌek.strə.kəˈrɪk.jʊ.lər/, meaning "ngoại khóa." It identifies non-academic activities: "Extracurricular activities help students develop social skills." It is often synonymous with after-school or non-academic.

Tuition is a noun pronounced /tjuːˈɪʃ.ən/, which encompasses "học phí" or "việc dạy kèm." It relates to the costs or instruction in private education: "Tuition fees at private schools are very high." Terms like fees and instruction are synonyms.

Assessment is a noun pronounced /əˈses.mənt/, meaning "đánh giá, kiểm tra." It describes the tools used to measure student performance: "Continuous assessment is fairer than one final exam." Related terms are evaluation and appraisal.

Dropout is a noun pronounced /ˈdrɒp.aʊt/, meaning "học sinh bỏ học." It refers to leaving school before completion: "The school launched a program to reduce the dropout rate." Synonyms include quitter and leaver.

Peer is a noun pronounced /pɪər/, meaning "bạn đồng lứa, đồng nghiệp." It identifies social equals who influence learning: "Children often learn better from their peers." Synonyms are classmate and colleague.

Aptitude is a noun pronounced /ˈæp.tɪ.tjuːd/, referring to "năng khiếu" or "khả năng bẩm sinh." It describes innate talents: "She showed a natural aptitude for mathematics." Synonyms include talent and ability.

Vocational is an adjective pronounced /vəʊˈkeɪ.ʃən.əl/, meaning "thuộc về nghề nghiệp, dạy nghề." It focuses on practical skill-based education: "Vocational training prepares students for specific careers." It corresponds to professional or technical.

Higher education is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈhaɪ.ər ˌedʒ.ʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "giáo dục đại học." It refers to university or college level schooling: "Higher education opens many career opportunities." Synonyms include tertiary education or university education.

Critical thinking is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl ˈθɪŋ.kɪŋ/, meaning "tư duy phản biện." This analytical mindset is vital for evaluation: "Critical thinking is a vital skill in the modern workplace." Synonyms include analytical thinking and problem-solving.

Lifelong learning is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈlaɪf.lɒŋ ˈlɜː.nɪŋ/, meaning "học tập suốt đời." It emphasizes continuous self-improvement: "Lifelong learning keeps your mind sharp and skills updated." Related terms are continuous learning and self-improvement.

Intellectual is an adjective pronounced /ˌɪn.təˈlek.tʃu.əl/, meaning "thuộc về trí tuệ." It describes mental or cerebral challenges: "The book provides an intellectual challenge for readers." Synonyms include cerebral and academic.

Facilitate is a verb pronounced /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/, meaning "tạo điều kiện, thúc đẩy." It describes making a process easier: "Technology can facilitate learning in remote areas." Synonyms include enable and support.

Environmental Science and Sustainability: Môi trường

Climate change is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈklaɪ.mət tʃeɪndʒ/, meaning "biến đổi khí hậu." It describes long-term shifts in global weather: "Climate change is the greatest challenge of our time." Related terms are global warming and environmental shift.

Deforestation is a noun pronounced /ˌdiː.fɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən/, meaning "nạn phá rừng." It refers to the removal of forest cover: "Deforestation is destroying animal habitats worldwide." Synonyms are logging and forest clearance.

Biodiversity is a noun pronounced /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.daɪˈvɜː.sɪ.ti/, meaning "đa dạng sinh học." It refers to variety in an ecosystem: "Biodiversity is essential for a healthy ecosystem." Synonyms are ecological variety and species diversity.

Sustainable is an adjective pronounced /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/, meaning "bền vững." It describes long-term methods that are not harmful: "We need sustainable solutions to environmental problems." Synonyms are eco-friendly and long-term.

Emission is a noun pronounced /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, meaning "lượng phát thải (khí)." It describes the release of pollutants: "Carbon emissions must be reduced to slow global warming." Synonyms are discharge and release.

Renewable energy is a noun phrase pronounced /rɪˈnjuː.ə.bəl ˈen.ə.dʒi/, meaning "năng lượng tái tạo." It identifies natural power sources: "Solar power is a key source of renewable energy." Synonyms are clean energy and green energy.

Greenhouse effect is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈɡriːn.haʊs ɪˈfekt/, meaning "hiệu ứng nhà kính." It explains the atmospheric warming mechanism: "The greenhouse effect is warming the Earth’s atmosphere."

Pollution is a noun pronounced /pəˈluː.ʃən/, meaning "ô nhiễm." It refers to toxic environmental contaminants: "Air pollution is a serious health risk in major cities." Synonyms are contamination and toxicity.

Ecosystem is a noun pronounced /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/, meaning "hệ sinh thái." It describes a community of organisms and their environment: "The coral reef is one of the most complex ecosystems on Earth." Synonyms are natural environment and habitat.

Extinct is an adjective pronounced /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/, meaning "tuyệt chủng." It denotes species that no longer exist: "Many animal species are now extinct due to human activity." Synonyms include died out and vanished.

Conservation is a noun pronounced /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/, meaning "bảo tồn." It involves protecting wildlife and nature: "Wildlife conservation is crucial to protect endangered species." Synonyms are preservation and protection.

Contaminate is a verb pronounced /kənˈtæm.ɪ.neɪt/, meaning "làm ô nhiễm, làm bẩn." It refers to fouling food or environments: "Industrial waste has contaminated the river." Synonyms are pollute and taint.

Habitat is a noun pronounced /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/, meaning "môi trường sống (của động vật)." It points to the natural territory of species: "Deforestation destroys the natural habitat of many species."

Carbon footprint is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈkɑː.bən ˈfʊt.prɪnt/, meaning "lượng phát thải carbon." It measures individual or group $CO_2$ impact: "Reducing your carbon footprint helps fight climate change."

Drought is a noun pronounced /draʊt/, meaning "hạn hán." It describes severe water shortages: "The prolonged drought destroyed this year’s harvest." Synonyms are dry spell and water shortage.

Flood is a noun pronounced /flʌd/, meaning "lũ lụt." It describes the inundation of land: "Heavy rains caused flooding in the coastal regions."

Recycle is a verb pronounced /ˌːriˈsaɪ.kəl/, meaning "tái chế." It refers to repurposing materials: "We should recycle paper and plastic to reduce waste."

Degrade is a verb pronounced /dɪˈɡreɪd/, meaning "suy thoái, phân hủy." It describes the breakdown of materials or quality: "Plastic takes hundreds of years to degrade naturally."

Ozone layer is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈəʊ.zəʊn ˌleɪ.ər/, meaning "tầng ozone." It acts as an atmospheric shield: "The ozone layer protects Earth from harmful UV radiation."

Overpopulation is a noun pronounced /ˌəʊ.vəˌpɒp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/, meaning "tình trạng dân số quá đông." It describes pressure on natural resources: "Overpopulation puts pressure on natural resources."

Advanced Technology and Connectivity: Công nghệ

Artificial intelligence is a noun phrase pronounced /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl ɪnˈtel.ɪ.dʒəns/, meaning "trí tuệ nhân tạo." These computer systems mimic human reasoning: "Artificial intelligence is transforming many industries." Synonyms include AI and machine intelligence.

Automation is a noun pronounced /ˌɔː.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "tự động hóa." It involves replacing manual labor with machinery: "Automation has replaced many manual jobs in factories." Synonyms are mechanization and computerization.

Innovation is a noun pronounced /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, meaning "đổi mới, sáng tạo." It refers to the application of new methods: "Technological innovation drives economic growth." Synonyms include invention and breakthrough.

Virtual reality is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl riˈæl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "thực tế ảo." It describes simulated digital environments: "Virtual reality is used in gaming and medical training."

Cyber security is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsaɪ.bər sɪˈkjʊə.rɪ.ti/, meaning "an ninh mạng." It refers to online data protection: "Cyber security is essential for protecting personal data online." Synonyms include data protection and network security.

Data privacy is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈdeɪ.tə ˈprɪv.ə.si/, meaning "quyền riêng tư dữ liệu." It concerns information protection: "Users are increasingly concerned about data privacy online."

Digital literacy is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.təl ˈlɪt.ər.ə.si/, meaning "khả năng sử dụng công nghệ số." It refers to effective tech skills: "Digital literacy is now a required skill in most workplaces."

Algorithm is a noun pronounced /ˈæl.ɡə.rɪ.ðəm/, meaning "thuật toán." It is a formulaic set of instructions: "Social media platforms use algorithms to suggest content."

Bandwidth is a noun pronounced /ˈbænd.wɪdθ/, meaning "băng thông." It refers to data speed and capacity: "You need high bandwidth to stream videos without buffering."

Cloud computing is a noun phrase pronounced /klaʊd kəmˈpjuː.tɪŋ/, meaning "điện toán đám mây." It allows for remote data storage: "Cloud computing allows businesses to store data remotely."

Device is a noun pronounced /dɪˈvaɪs/, meaning "thiết bị." It identifies tools or gadgets: "Mobile devices have changed the way we communicate."

Software is a noun pronounced /ˈsɒft.weər/, meaning "phần mềm." It refers to computer programs or applications: "This software helps students manage their study schedule."

Upgrade functions as a verb or noun, pronounced /ˈʌp.ɡreɪd/, meaning "nâng cấp." It refers to improving systems: "You should upgrade your phone’s operating system regularly."

Connectivity is a noun pronounced /ˌkɒn.ekˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/, meaning "khả năng kết nối." It measures network access: "Good internet connectivity is vital for remote work."

Breakthrough is a noun pronounced /ˈbreɪk.θruː/, meaning "bước đột phá." It signifies a major discovery: "Scientists made a major breakthrough in cancer research."

E-commerce is a noun pronounced /ˈɪːˌkɒm.ɜːs/, meaning "thương mại điện tử." It describes digital trade: "E-commerce has rapidly grown since the pandemic."

Social media is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl ˈmiː.di.ə/, meaning "mạng xã hội." It refers to digital content sharing platforms: "Social media plays a huge role in modern communication."

Nanotechnology is a noun pronounced /ˌnæn.əʊ.tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/, meaning "công nghệ nano." It focuses on micro-engineering: "Nanotechnology has exciting applications in medicine."

Space exploration is a noun phrase pronounced /speɪs ˌek.splɔːˈreɪ.ʃən/, meaning "khám phá vũ trụ." It refers to astronautics: "Space exploration could help humanity find new resources."

Obsolete is an adjective pronounced /ˌɒb.səˈliːt/, meaning "lỗi thời, không còn dùng nữa." It describes outdated technology: "Many traditional skills have become obsolete in the digital age."

Health, Wellness, and Lifestyle: Sức khỏe và lối sống

Well-being is a noun pronounced /ˌwel ˈbiː.ɪŋ/, meaning "sức khỏe thể chất và tinh thần." It describes overall welfare: "Regular exercise is important for overall well-being." Synonyms are health and welfare.

Nutrition is a noun pronounced /njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən/, meaning "dinh dưỡng." It refers to nourishment and diet: "Proper nutrition is essential for children’s growth."

Epidemic is a noun pronounced /ˌep.ɪˈdem.ɪk/, meaning "dịch bệnh (trong một khu vực)." It describes a localized outbreak: "An epidemic of flu swept through the city last winter."

Pandemic is a noun pronounced /pænˈdem.ɪk/, meaning "đại dịch (toàn cầu)." It identifies a global health crisis: "The COVID-$19$ pandemic changed life across the entire world."

Mental health is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈmen.təl helθ/, meaning "sức khỏe tâm thần." It pertains to emotional well-being: "Schools should pay more attention to students’ mental health."

Obesity is a noun pronounced /əʊˈbiː.sɪ.ti/, meaning "bệnh béo phì." It describes excess body fat: "Obesity rates have risen sharply in many developed countries."

Sedentary is an adjective pronounced /ˈsed.ən.tər.i/, meaning "ít vận động, ngồi nhiều." It describes an inactive lifestyle: "A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of heart disease."

Immune system is a noun phrase pronounced /ɪˈmjuːn ˌsɪs.təm/, meaning "hệ miễn dịch." It refers to the body's defense: "Vaccines help strengthen the immune system."

Chronic is an adjective pronounced /ˈkrɒn.ɪk/, meaning "mãn tính, kéo dài." It denotes persistent conditions: "He suffers from chronic back pain." Synonyms are persistent and long-term.

Diagnose is a verb pronounced /ˈdaɪ.əɡ.nəʊz/, meaning "chẩn đoán (bệnh)." It is used for medical identification: "The doctor diagnosed her with diabetes."

Prescription is a noun pronounced /prɪˈskrɪp.ʃən/, meaning "đơn thuốc." It is a medical medication order: "The doctor gave her a prescription for antibiotics."

Vaccine is a noun pronounced /ˈvæk.siːn/, meaning "vắc-xin." It describes preventative immunization: "The new vaccine was approved after extensive clinical trials."

Rehabilitation is a noun pronounced /ˌriː.həˌbɪl.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/, meaning "phục hồi chức năng." It denotes recovery therapy: "After the surgery, she needed months of rehabilitation."

Hygiene is a noun pronounced /ˈhaɪ.dʒiːn/, meaning "vệ sinh." It relates to sanitation habits: "Good hygiene prevents the spread of infectious diseases."

Addiction is a noun pronounced /əˈdɪk.ʃən/, meaning "chứng nghiện." It refers to dependency or compulsion: "Smartphone addiction is affecting teenagers’ concentration."

Diet is a noun pronounced /ˈdaɪ.ət/, meaning "chế độ ăn uống." it refers to daily nutrition plans: "A balanced diet includes plenty of fruit and vegetables."

Mortality is a noun pronounced /mɔːˈtæl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "tỷ lệ tử vong." It signifies the death rate: "Advances in medicine have reduced infant mortality significantly."

Symptom is a noun pronounced /ˈsɪmp.təm/, meaning "triệu chứng (bệnh)." It is an indication of illness: "Fever and cough are common symptoms of the flu."

Stress is a noun pronounced /stres/, meaning "căng thẳng." It refers to psychological pressure: "Exam stress is very common among students."

Balanced diet is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈbæl.ənst ˈdaɪ.ət/, meaning "chế độ ăn cân bằng." It ensures a nutritious diet: "A balanced diet is key to maintaining a healthy weight."

Professional Life and Career: Công việc và nghề nghiệp

Profession is a noun pronounced /prəˈfeʃ.ən/, meaning "nghề nghiệp, ngành nghề." It indicates an occupation requiring credentials: "Teaching is a rewarding profession."

Entrepreneur is a noun pronounced /ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜːr/, meaning "doanh nhân khởi nghiệp." It identifies a startup founder: "Young entrepreneurs are driving innovation in Vietnam."

Colleague is a noun pronounced /ˈkɒl.iːɡ/, meaning "đồng nghiệp." It refers to a coworker or workmate: "My colleagues are very supportive and friendly."

Deadline is a noun pronounced /ˈded.laɪn/, meaning "hạn chót." It is a time limit for tasks: "We must finish the report before the Friday deadline."

Promotion is a noun pronounced /prəˈməʊ.ʃən/, meaning "thăng chức." It signifies professional advancement: "Hard work and dedication often lead to promotion."

Unemployment is a noun pronounced /ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/, meaning "tình trạng thất nghiệp." It refers to joblessness: "Unemployment rates rose sharply during the pandemic."

Resume is a noun pronounced /ˈrez.ʊ.meɪ/, meaning "bản sơ yếu lý lịch." It is a document used for job application: "Always tailor your resume to the specific job you’re applying for." Equivalent to a CV.

Internship is a noun pronounced /ˈɪn.tɜːn.ʃɪp/, meaning "kỳ thực tập." It describes a traineeship or work placement: "She completed a summer internship at a marketing firm."

Workload is a noun pronounced /ˈwɜːk.ləʊd/, meaning "khối lượng công việc." It refers to a work burden: "Teachers often complain about their heavy workload."

Freelance functions as an adjective or verb, pronounced /ˈfriː.lɑːns/, meaning "tự do, làm việc tự do." It describes self-employment: "Many designers prefer to freelance rather than work in an office."

Salary is a noun pronounced /ˈsæl.ər.i/, meaning "lương (theo tháng/ năm)." It is fixed pay: "Her salary increased after she got promoted."

Applicant is a noun pronounced /ˈæp.lɪ.kənt/, meaning "người xin việc, ứng viên." It refers to a job seeker: "Over $200$ applicants applied for the position."

Qualification is a noun pronounced /ˌkwɒl.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "bằng cấp, năng lực." It involves credentials or certifications: "She has the qualifications needed for the senior role."

Teamwork is a noun pronounced /ˈtiːm.wɜːk/, meaning "làm việc nhóm." It emphasizes collaboration: "Teamwork is essential in any professional environment."

Remote work is a noun phrase pronounced /rɪˈməʊt wɜːk/, meaning "làm việc từ xa." It refers to telecommuting: "Remote work has become more common since the pandemic."

Leadership is a noun pronounced /ˈliː.də.ʃɪp/, meaning "khả năng lãnh đạo." It refers to management and guidance: "Good leadership is about inspiring others to do their best."

Resign is a verb pronounced /rɪˈzaɪn/, meaning "từ chức, nghỉ việc." It means to quit or step down: "He decided to resign from his position due to personal reasons."

Initiative is a noun pronounced /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/, meaning "sáng kiến; tinh thần chủ động." It refers to drive or enterprise: "Taking initiative at work can lead to faster career growth."

Pension is a noun pronounced /ˈpen.ʃən/, meaning "lương hưu." it is retirement pay: "He retired and now lives on his pension."

Vacancy is a noun pronounced /ˈveɪ.kən.si/, meaning "vị trí trống (cần tuyển dụng)." It identifies a job opening: "There is a vacancy in our accounting department."

Family and Social Structures: Gia đình và xã hội

Generation gap is a noun phrase pronounced /ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən ɡæp/, meaning "khoảng cách thế hệ." It is an age divide: "The generation gap can cause misunderstandings between parents and children."

Nuclear family is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈnjuː.klɪ.ər ˈfæm.ə.li/, meaning "gia đình hạt nhân (bố, mẹ, con)." it refers to the core family unit: "The nuclear family is the most common household type in cities."

Extended family is a noun phrase pronounced /ɪkˈsten.dɪd ˈfæm.ə.li/, meaning "đại gia đình, gia đình nhiều thế hệ." It describes a large family structure: "In Vietnam, the extended family often lives together."

Sibling is a noun pronounced /ˈsɪb.lɪŋ/, meaning "anh/chị/em ruột." it identifies kin: "She is the youngest of three siblings."

Divorce functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /dɪˈvɔːs/, meaning "ly hôn; vụ ly hôn." It describes the dissolution of marriage: "The divorce rate has been rising in recent decades."

Gender equality is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈdʒen.dər ɪˈkwɒl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "bình đẳng giới." It refers to gender parity: "Gender equality is a fundamental human right."

Poverty is a noun pronounced /ˈpɒv.ə.ti/, meaning "nghèo đói." It describes economic hardship: "Poverty affects millions of people around the world."

Community is a noun pronounced /kəˈmjuː.nɪ.ti/, meaning "cộng đồng." it refers to a neighborhood or society: "A strong sense of community helps people support each other."

Charity is a noun pronounced /ˈtʃær.ɪ.ti/, meaning "tổ chức từ thiện; hoạt động từ thiện." it relates to philanthropy: "She donates regularly to charity."

Volunteer functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˌvɒl.ənˈtɪər/, meaning "tình nguyện viên; tình nguyện." It identifies unpaid workers: "Many students volunteer at local hospitals during summer."

Tradition is a noun pronounced /trəˈdɪʃ.ən/, meaning "truyền thống." It refers to customs and heritage: "Vietnamese people have a long tradition of respecting elders."

Multiculturalism is a noun pronounced /ˌmʌl.tiˈkʌl.tʃər.ə.lɪ.zəm/, meaning "chủ nghĩa đa văn hóa." It describes cultural diversity: "Multiculturalism enriches society by bringing different perspectives."

Discrimination is a noun pronounced /dɪˌskrɪm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, meaning "phân biệt đối xử." It relates to bias or prejudice: "Racial discrimination is a serious problem in many countries."

Infrastructure is a noun pronounced /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/, meaning "cơ sở hạ tầng." It describes public facilities: "Good infrastructure is vital for economic development."

Migration is a noun pronounced /maɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/, meaning "di cư." it refers to relocation: "Rural-to-urban migration has increased rapidly."

Social welfare is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsəʊ.xl ˈwel.feər/, meaning "phúc lợi xã hội." It refers to public assistance: "The government increased social welfare payments for low-income families."

Prejudice is a noun pronounced /ˈpredʒ.ʊ.dɪs/, meaning "thành kiến, định kiến." It involves negative stereotypes: "We should challenge prejudice wherever we find it."

Orphan is a noun pronounced /ˈɔː.fən/, meaning "trẻ mồ côi." It identifies an abandoned child without parents: "The orphan was adopted by a caring family."

Bond is a noun pronounced /bɒnd/, meaning "mối gắn kết, liên kết." It describes a strong connection: "The bond between mother and child is very strong."

Upbringing is a noun pronounced /ˈʌpˌbrɪŋ.ɪŋ/, meaning "cách nuôi dưỡng, giáo dục từ nhỏ." It refers to childhood raising: "Her strict upbringing taught her the value of hard work."

Travel and Tourism: Du lịch

Destination is a noun pronounced /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, meaning "điểm đến." it refers to a specific location or place: "Ha Long Bay is one of Vietnam’s top tourist destinations."

Itinerary is a noun pronounced /aɪˈtɪn.ər.ər.i/, meaning "lịch trình du lịch." it is a detailed travel plan: "Our travel itinerary includes visits to three cities in $5$ days."

Accommodation is a noun pronounced /əˌkɒm.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "chỗ ở, nơi lưu trú." it refers to lodging: "The hotel provided excellent accommodation for the tourists."

Sightseeing is a noun pronounced /ˈsaɪtˌsiː.ɪŋ/, meaning "việc tham quan danh lam thắng cảnh." it involves visiting attractions: "We spent the afternoon sightseeing in the Old Quarter."

Passport is a noun pronounced /ˈpɑːs.pɔːt/, meaning "hộ chiếu." it is a travel document for ID: "You must show your passport at the immigration counter."

Excursion is a noun pronounced /ɪkˈskɜː.ʃən/, meaning "chuyến đi tham quan ngắn ngày." It is a day trip: "We went on an excursion to a nearby waterfall."

Souvenir is a noun pronounced /ˌsuː.vəˈnɪər/, meaning "quà lưu niệm." it is a memento or keepsake: "She bought a silk souvenir from the local market."

Heritage is a noun pronounced /ˈher.ɪ.tɪdʒ/, meaning "di sản (văn hóa, lịch sử)." it refers to a cultural legacy: "Hoi An is a UNESCO World Heritage site."

Resort is a noun pronounced /rɪˈzɔːt/, meaning "khu nghỉ dưỡng." it is a high-end holiday destination: "They stayed at a $5$-star beach resort."

Backpacker is a noun pronounced /ˈbæk.pæk.ər/, meaning "người du lịch bụi." it identifying a budget traveler: "The hostel is popular with backpackers traveling on a budget."

Cruise is a noun pronounced /kruːz/, meaning "chuyến du lịch bằng tàu thủy." it involves a sea voyage: "They booked a Mediterranean cruise for their honeymoon."

Local cuisine is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈləʊ.kəl kwɪˈziːn/, meaning "ẩm thực địa phương." it refers to regional food: "Trying local cuisine is the best way to experience a new culture."

Visa is a noun pronounced /ˈviː.zə/, meaning "thị thực." it is an entry permit: "Tourists from many countries need a visa to enter Vietnam."

Tourist attraction is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈtʊər.ɪst əˈtræk.ʃən/, meaning "điểm du lịch hấp dẫn." it is a landmark: "The Eiffel Tower is Paris’s most famous tourist attraction."

Ecotourism is a noun pronounced /ˈiː.kəʊˌtʊər.ɪ.zəm/, meaning "du lịch sinh thái." it refers to sustainable nature tourism: "Ecotourism promotes responsible travel in natural areas."

Expedition is a noun pronounced /ˌek.spɪˈdɪʃ.ən/, meaning "cuộc thám hiểm." it is a purposeful journey: "The expedition team climbed the highest mountain in Asia."

Jet lag is a noun pronounced /ˈdʒet læɡ/, meaning "chứng mệt mỏi do lệch múi giờ." it results in time zone fatigue: "After a $12$-hour flight, she suffered from jet lag."

Landmark is a noun pronounced /ˈlænd.mɑːk/, meaning "công trình/địa danh nổi tiếng." it is an iconic monument: "Big Ben is one of London’s most iconic landmarks."

Hospitality is a noun pronounced /ˌɒs.pɪˈtæl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "lòng hiếu khách." it describes warmth and friendliness: "Vietnamese people are known for their warm hospitality."

Currency is a noun pronounced /ˈkʌr.ən.si/, meaning "tiền tệ." it refers to international money: "You should exchange currency before traveling abroad."

Communication and Media: Giao tiếp và truyền thông

Broadcast functions as a verb or noun, pronounced /ˈbrɔːd.kɑːst/, meaning "phát sóng; chương trình phát sóng." it involves transmitting media: "The match was broadcast live on national television."

Journalism is a noun pronounced /ˈdʒɜː.nə.lɪ.zəm/, meaning "báo chí, nghề làm báo." it involves news reporting: "She studied journalism before becoming a news reporter."

Censorship is a noun pronounced /ˈsen.sə.ʃɪp/, meaning "kiểm duyệt." it involves the suppression of information: "Censorship of the press is common in authoritarian states."

Misinformation is a noun pronounced /ˌmɪs.ɪn.fəˈmeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "thông tin sai lệch." it refers to fake news: "Social media often spreads misinformation very quickly."

Persuasive is an adjective pronounced /pəˈsweɪ.sɪv/, meaning "có tính thuyết phục." it describes compelling language: "The advertisement used persuasive language to attract customers."

Advertising is a noun pronounced /ˈæd.və.taɪ.zɪŋ/, meaning "quảng cáo." it involves marketing and promotion: "Online advertising has replaced many traditional forms of marketing."

Headline is a noun pronounced /ˈhed.laɪn/, meaning "tiêu đề báo." it is the main title: "The scandal was the main headline on every newspaper."

Audience is a noun pronounced /ˈɔː.di.əns/, meaning "khán giả, độc giả, người nghe." it refers to viewers or listeners: "The documentary attracted a large worldwide audience."

Verbal is an adjective pronounced /ˈvɜː.bəl/, meaning "bằng lời nói." it describes spoken communication: "Good verbal communication is essential in teaching."

Non-verbal is an adjective pronounced /nɒn ˈvɜː.bəl/, meaning "phi ngôn ngữ (cử chỉ, nét mặt)." it refers to body language: "Non-verbal communication includes gestures and facial expressions."

Debate functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /dɪˈbeɪt/, meaning "cuộc tranh luận; tranh luận." it involves formal discussion: "The candidates engaged in a live TV debate before the election."

Propaganda is a noun pronounced /ˌprɒp.əˈɡæn.də/, meaning "tuyên truyền (có mục đích chính trị)." it involves brainwashing tactics: "Wartime propaganda was used to boost public morale."

Tabloid is a noun pronounced /ˈtæb.lɔɪd/, meaning "báo lá cải." it identifying a gossip paper: "Tabloids often focus on celebrity gossip rather than real news."

Subscription is a noun pronounced /səbˈskrɪp.ʃən/, meaning "gói đăng ký (báo, dịch vụ)." it is a service membership: "A subscription to the newspaper costs $\$10$ a month."

Editorial identifies an opinion piece, pronounced /ˌed.ɪˈtɔː.ri.əl/, meaning "bài xã luận; thuộc về biên tập." it reflects publishing views: "The editorial criticized the government’s new policy."

Narrative is a noun pronounced /ˈnær.ə.tɪv/, meaning "câu chuyện, diễn ngôn." it refers to an account or story: "The media often creates a particular narrative around political events."

Anonymous is an adjective pronounced /əˈnɒn.ɪ.məs/, meaning "ẩn danh, vô danh." it describes unidentified sources: "The tip was made by an anonymous source."

Feedback is a noun pronounced /ˈfiːd.bæk/, meaning "phản hồi, ý kiến đánh giá." it involves responses to performance: "The teacher gave positive feedback on the student’s essay."

Influence functions as a verb or noun, pronounced /ˈɪn.flu.əns/, meaning "ảnh hưởng; gây ảnh hưởng." it describes impact: "Social media influencers have a huge influence on young people."

Censure functions as a verb or noun, pronounced /ˈsen.ʃər/, meaning "chỉ trích mạnh mẽ; lên án." it involves official condemnation: "The journalist was censured for publishing false information."

Economics and Globalization: Toàn cầu hóa và kinh tế

Globalization is a noun pronounced /ˌɡləʊ.bəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "toàn cầu hóa." it is the process of internationalization: "Globalization has connected economies around the world."

Trade functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /treɪd/, meaning "thương mại; giao thương." it involves commerce: "International trade has increased significantly in recent decades."

Inflation is a noun pronounced /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, meaning "lạm phát." it represents a price increase: "High inflation reduces the purchasing power of consumers."

Export functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˈek.pɔːt/, meaning "hàng xuất khẩu; xuất khẩu." it involves shipping abroad: "Vietnam exports a large amount of coffee to Europe."

Import functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˈɪm.pɔːt/, meaning "hàng nhập khẩu; nhập khẩu." it involves purchasing from abroad: "The country imports most of its oil from the Middle East."

Investment is a noun pronounced /ɪnˈvest.mənt/, meaning "đầu tư." it refers to capital funding: "Foreign investment has helped develop the local economy."

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a noun phrase pronounced /ɡrəʊs dəˌmes.tɪk ˈprɒd.ʌkt/, meaning "tổng sản phẩm quốc nội (GDP)." it measures national output: "GDP is used to measure the size of a country’s economy."

Recession is a noun pronounced /rɪˈseʃ.ən/, meaning "suy thoái kinh tế." it represents an economic downturn: "The country fell into recession after the financial crisis."

Tariff is a noun pronounced /ˈtær.ɪf/, meaning "thuế quan (đánh vào hàng nhập khẩu)." it refers to customs tax: "The government imposed tariffs on imported steel."

Supply chain is a noun phrase pronounced /səˈplaɪ tʃeɪn/, meaning "chuỗi cung ứng." it describes production networks: "The pandemic disrupted global supply chains significantly."

Corporation is a noun pronounced /ˌkɔː.pəˈreɪ.ʃən/, meaning "tập đoàn, công ty lớn." it refers to a large conglomerate: "Multinational corporations operate in dozens of countries."

Stock market is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈstɒk ˌmɑː.kɪt/, meaning "thị trường chứng khoán." it is the share market: "The stock market crashed after the president’s announcement."

Entrepreneur is a noun pronounced /ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜːr/, meaning "doanh nhân khởi nghiệp." it identifying a business founder: "Successful entrepreneurs identify market gaps and fill them."

Deficit is a noun pronounced /ˈdef.ɪ.sɪt/, meaning "thâm hụt (ngân sách, thương mại)." it is a budgetary shortfall: "The government is running a large budget deficit."

Subsidy is a noun pronounced /ˈsʌb.sɪ.di/, meaning "trợ cấp (của chính phủ)." it is a financial grant: "The government provides subsidies for renewable energy projects."

Consumerism is a noun pronounced /kənˈsjuː.mə.rɪ.zəm/, meaning "chủ nghĩa tiêu dùng." it describes excessive materialism: "Excessive consumerism leads to environmental destruction."

Outsourcing is a noun pronounced /ˈaʊtˌsɔː.sɪŋ/, meaning "thuê ngoài (dịch vụ)." it involves contracting out: "Many tech companies use outsourcing to reduce labor costs."

Fiscal is an adjective pronounced /ˈfɪs.kəl/, meaning "tài khóa, thuộc ngân sách nhà nước." it relates to financial policy: "The government introduced fiscal reforms to reduce debt."

Interest rate is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈɪn.trəst reɪt/, meaning "lãi suất." it refers to the bank rate: "The central bank raised interest rates to control inflation."

Emerging market is a noun phrase pronounced /ɪˈmɜː.dʒɪŋ ˈmɑː.kɪt/, meaning "thị trường mới nổi." it describes a developing economy: "Vietnam is considered one of the fastest-growing emerging markets."

Science and the Natural World: Khoa học và tự nhiên

Hypothesis is a noun pronounced /haɪˈpɒθ.ə.sɪs/, meaning "giả thuyết." it is an unproven assumption: "The scientist tested her hypothesis through multiple experiments."

Evolution is a noun pronounced /ˌɪː.vəˈluː.ʃən/, meaning "tiến hóa." it describes biological progression: "Darwin’s theory of evolution changed our understanding of life."

Phenomenon is a noun pronounced /fɪˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/, meaning "hiện tượng." it identifies an observable occurrence: "The Northern Lights is a breathtaking natural phenomenon."

Gravity is a noun pronounced /ˈɡræv.ɪ.ti/, meaning "lực hút trái đất, trọng lực." it refers to gravitational attraction: "Newton discovered the concept of gravity when observing a falling apple."

Organism is a noun pronounced /ˈɔː.ɡən.ɪ.zəm/, meaning "sinh vật, cơ thể sống." it identifies living creatures: "A single organism can contain trillions of cells."

Molecule is a noun pronounced /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/, meaning "phân tử." it is a chemical particle: "Water is composed of two hydrogen and one oxygen molecule."

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a noun pronounced /ˌdiː.en. ˈeɪ/, meaning "ADN (axit deoxyribonucleic)." it acts as a gene carrier: "DNA carries genetic information from one generation to the next."

Fossil fuel is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈfɒs.əl ˌfjuːəl/, meaning "nhiên liệu hóa thạch." it includes non-renewable oil, coal, and gas: "Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere."

Photosynthesis is a noun pronounced /ˌfəʊ.təʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/, meaning "quang hợp." it is the light conversion process in plants: "Plants produce oxygen through the process of photosynthesis."

Species is a noun pronounced /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/, meaning "loài (sinh vật)." it refers to biological categories: "Over a million species are at risk of extinction."

Laboratory is a noun pronounced /ləˈbɒr.ə.tər.i/, meaning "phòng thí nghiệm." it is a research facility: "Scientists conducted their experiments in a specially equipped laboratory."

Asteroid is a noun pronounced /ˈæs.tər.ɔɪd/, meaning "tiểu hành tinh." it identifies space rocks: "A large asteroid impact is believed to have caused the dinosaurs’ extinction."

Magnetic is an adjective pronounced /mæɡˈnet.ɪk/, meaning "thuộc về từ trường, có từ tính." it describes electromagnetic properties: "The Earth has a magnetic field that protects us from solar radiation."

Radiation is a noun pronounced /ˌreɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "bức xạ, phóng xạ." it identifying emissions: "Exposure to radiation can cause serious health problems."

Renewable is an adjective pronounced /rɪˈnjuː.ə.bəl/, meaning "tái tạo được." it describes sustainable sources: "Solar and wind power are the most common renewable energy sources."

Extinct is an adjective pronounced /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/, meaning "tuyệt chủng." it describes species no longer existing: "The dodo is one of many animals that are now extinct."

Microorganism is a noun pronounced /ˌmaɪ.krəʊˈɔː.ɡən.ɪ.zəm/, meaning "vi sinh vật." it identifies microbes or germs: "Some microorganisms are essential for healthy digestion."

Wavelength is a noun pronounced /ˈweɪv.leŋkθ/, meaning "bước sóng." it describes wave cycles: "Different colors of light have different wavelengths."

Atmosphere is a noun pronounced /ˈæt.məs.fɪər/, meaning "khí quyển; bầu không khí." it refers to the air surrounding Earth: "The Earth’s atmosphere contains oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases."

Carbon dioxide is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈkɑː.bən daɪˈɒk.saɪd/, meaning "khí carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)." it refers to a major greenhouse gas: "Carbon dioxide is one of the main greenhouse gases."

Sports and Recreation: Thể thao và giải trí

Competitive is an adjective pronounced /kəmˈpet.ɪ.tɪv/, meaning "có tính cạnh tranh, muốn thắng." it describing ambitious individuals: "He is very competitive and always tries to be the best."

Stamina is a noun pronounced /ˈstæm.ɪ.nə/, meaning "sức bền, sức chịu đựng." it refers to physical staying power: "Marathon runners need incredible stamina."

Championship is a noun pronounced /ˈt tʃæm.pi.ən.ʃɪp/, meaning "giải vô địch." it identifying a major tournament title: "She won the national swimming championship three years in a row."

Leisure is a noun pronounced /ˈleʒ.ər/, meaning "thời gian rảnh rỗi, giải trí." it refers to recreation time: "Reading is one of her favourite leisure activities."

Amateur functions as a noun or adjective, pronounced /ˈæm.ə.tər/, meaning "người chơi nghiệp dư; không chuyên." it refers to hobbyists: "He plays football as an amateur, not professionally."

Spectator is a noun pronounced /spekˈteɪ.tər/, meaning "khán giả (xem thể thao trực tiếp)." it identifying onlookers: "Thousands of spectators filled the stadium for the final."

Trophy is a noun pronounced /ˈtrəʊ.fi/, meaning "cúp, giải thưởng." it refers to winning prizes: "The winning team lifted the trophy in front of cheering fans."

Workout is a noun pronounced /ˈwɜːk.aʊt/, meaning "buổi tập thể dục." it is an exercise session: "She does a $30$-minute workout every morning before school."

Recreation is a noun pronounced /ˌrek.riˈeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "hoạt động giải trí." it describes pastimes: "Swimming and hiking are popular forms of outdoor recreation."

Sportsmanship is a noun pronounced /ˈspɔːts.mən.ʃɪp/, meaning "tinh thần thể thao." it emphasizes fair play: "Good sportsmanship means respecting your opponents even when you lose."

Doping is a noun pronounced /ˈdəʊ.pɪŋ/, meaning "dùng chất cấm trong thể thao." it involves performance-enhancing drugs: "The athlete was banned for two years after being caught doping."

Fitness is a noun pronounced /ˈfɪt.nəs/, meaning "sức khỏe thể chất, thể lực." it refers to physical conditioning: "Regular exercise improves both physical and mental fitness."

Pastime is a noun pronounced /ˈpɑːs.taɪm/, meaning "trò giải trí, sở thích." it describes hobby activities: "Chess is a popular pastime for people of all ages."

Tournament is a noun pronounced /ˈtɜː.nə.mənt/, meaning "giải đấu." it is a competitive contest: "Twenty teams competed in the international football tournament."

Athlete is a noun pronounced /ˈæθ.liːt/, meaning "vận động viên." it identifies sportspersons: "Professional athletes train for many hours every day."

Gymnasium is a noun pronounced /dʒɪmˈneɪ.zi.əm/, meaning "phòng tập thể dục." it identifying a gym: "The new gymnasium has modern equipment for students."

Endurance is a noun pronounced /ɪnˈdjʊər.əns/, meaning "sức bền, khả năng chịu đựng." it refers to physical resilience: "Long-distance running requires great endurance."

Rivalry is a noun pronounced /ˈraɪ.vəl.ri/, meaning "ganh đua, cạnh tranh." it describes long-term competition: "The rivalry between the two teams has lasted for decades."

Referee is a noun pronounced /ˌref.əˈriː/, meaning "trọng tài (bóng đá, bóng rổ…)" it refers to the match official: "The referee blew the whistle to stop the game."

Gymnastics is a noun pronounced /dʒɪmˈnæs.tɪks/, meaning "thể dục dụng cụ." it refers to acrobatics: "Gymnastics requires strength, flexibility, and coordination."

Arts and Cultural Heritage: Văn hóa và nghệ thuật

Aesthetic functions as an adjective or noun, pronounced /iːsˈθet.ɪk/, meaning "thẩm mỹ; cảm quan thẩm mỹ." it describes visual beauty: "The painting has a unique aesthetic that attracts many admirers."

Masterpiece is a noun pronounced /ˈmɑː.stə.piːs/, meaning "kiệt tác." it is a masterwork: "The Mona Lisa is considered a masterpiece of Renaissance art."

Folklore is a noun pronounced /ˈfəʊk.lɔːr/, meaning "văn hóa dân gian, truyện dân gian." it refers to folk traditions: "Many Vietnamese children grow up hearing stories from local folklore."

Indigenous is an adjective pronounced /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/, meaning "bản địa, thuộc về dân tộc gốc." it identifying native cultures: "The museum displays art from the indigenous people of Vietnam."

Sculpture is a noun pronounced /ˈskʌlp.tʃər/, meaning "tác phẩm điêu khắc." it identifies statues or carvings: "The ancient sculpture was discovered during excavation."

Literature is a noun pronounced /ˈlɪt.ər.ə.tʃər/, meaning "văn học." it refers to literary works: "Vietnamese literature has a rich tradition going back centuries."

Symphony is a noun pronounced /ˈsɪm.fə.ni/, meaning "bản giao hưởng." it refers to orchestral compositions: "Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony is one of the most famous pieces of classical music."

Festival is a noun pronounced /ˈfes.tɪ.vəl/, meaning "lễ hội." it is a cultural celebration: "The Hue Festival showcases traditional Vietnamese arts and culture."

Curator is a noun pronounced /kjʊəˈreɪ.tər/, meaning "người phụ trách bảo tàng/triển lãm." it refers to a gallery director: "The curator arranged the artworks in the gallery."

Dialect is a noun pronounced /ˈdaɪ.ə.lekt/, meaning "phương ngữ, thổ ngữ." it describes a regional language variety: "The northern and southern dialects of Vietnamese sound quite different."

Contemporary is an adjective pronounced /kənˈtem.pər.ər.i/, meaning "đương đại, hiện đại." it refers to modern times: "Contemporary art often challenges traditional ideas about beauty."

Ritual is a noun pronounced /ˈrɪtʃ.u.əl/, meaning "nghi lễ, nghi thức." it refers to ceremonial rites: "Lighting incense is a common ritual in Vietnamese culture."

Narrative is a noun pronounced /ˈnær.ə.tɪv/, meaning "câu chuyện, diễn ngôn, tường thuật." it is a storytelling account: "The film tells a powerful narrative about war and hope."

Portrayal is a noun pronounced /pɔːˈtreɪ.əl/, meaning "mô tả, khắc họa nhân vật." it describes a depiction: "The portrayal of women in early films was often stereotypical."

Heritage site is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈher.ɪ.tɪdʒ saɪt/, meaning "địa điểm di sản." it identifies historical monuments: "Hoi An Ancient Town is a UNESCO heritage site."

Creativity is a noun pronounced /ˌkriː.eɪˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/, meaning "khả năng sáng tạo." it referring to imagination: "Creativity is encouraged in arts and design classes."

Prose is a noun pronounced /prəʊz/, meaning "văn xuôi." it refers to non-fiction or non-verse writing: "His prose style is clear and easy to understand."

Eloquent is an adjective pronounced /ˈel.ə.kwənt/, meaning "hùng hồn, diễn đạt tốt." it describes articulate speech: "She gave an eloquent speech that moved the entire audience."

Heritage is a noun pronounced /ˈher.ɪ.tɪdʒ/, meaning "di sản." it refers to cultural legacies: "We must preserve our cultural heritage for future generations."

Interpret is a verb pronounced /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/, meaning "diễn giải, lý giải." it means to explain or analyze: "The painting can be interpreted in many different ways."

Urbanization and Municipal Transportation: Đời sống đô thị và giao thông

Urbanization is a noun pronounced /ˌɜː.bən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "đô thị hóa." it describes metropolitan expansion: "Rapid urbanization has created many new opportunities but also challenges."

Commute functions as a verb or noun, pronounced /kəˈmjuːt/, meaning "đi làm hằng ngày; quãng đường đi làm." it refers to work travel: "She commutes two hours each day from the suburbs to the city center."

Congestion is a noun pronounced /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/, meaning "tình trạng tắc đường." it refers to traffic gridlock: "Traffic congestion is a major problem in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City."

Infrastructure is a noun pronounced /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/, meaning "cơ sở hạ tầng." it refers to vital public utilities: "Better infrastructure is needed to support urban growth."

Pedestrian functions as a noun or adjective, pronounced /pəˈdes.tri.ən/, meaning "người đi bộ; dành cho người đi bộ." it identifies walkers: "A new pedestrian bridge was built over the river."

Emission is a noun pronounced /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, meaning "khí thải." it refers to vehicle exhaust: "Vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution in cities."

Suburb is a noun pronounced /ˈsʌb.ɜːb/, meaning "vùng ngoại ô." it identifying residential outskirts: "Many families prefer to live in the suburbs for a quieter lifestyle."

Affordable housing is a noun phrase pronounced /əˈfɔː.də.bəl ˈhaʊ.zɪŋ/, meaning "nhà ở giá phải chăng." it refers to low-cost social housing: "Affordable housing is hard to find in major cities."

Public transport is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈpʌb.lɪk ˈtræns.pɔːt/, meaning "giao thông công cộng." it refers to mass transit: "Investing in public transport reduces traffic and pollution."

Skyscraper is a noun pronounced /ˈskaɪˌskreɪ.pər/, meaning "tòa nhà chọc trời." it identifying high-rise towers of $30$+ floors: "Many skyscrapers were built in the city center over the past decade."

Metropolitan is an adjective pronounced /ˌmet.rəˈpɒl.ɪ.tən/, meaning "thuộc về thành phố lớn, đô thị." it describes urban areas: "The metropolitan area has a population of over $10$ million."

Renovation is a noun pronounced /ˌren.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, meaning "tu sửa, cải tạo." it refers to refurbishment: "The old building underwent major renovation."

Rush hour is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈrʌʃ ˌaʊər/, meaning "giờ cao điểm giao thông." it refers to peak hour traffic: "The roads are always overcrowded during rush hour."

Pavement is a noun pronounced /ˈpeɪv.m nt/, meaning "vỉa hè." it identifying a sidewalk: "Cyclists should use the road, not the pavement."

Highway is a noun pronounced /ˈhaɪ.weɪ/, meaning "đường cao tốc." it refers to an expressway: "The new highway reduced travel time between cities by half."

Flyover is a noun pronounced /ˈflaɪ.əʊ.vər/, meaning "cầu vượt." it identifies an overpass: "A flyover was built to ease traffic at the busy intersection."

Lane is a noun pronounced /leɪn/, meaning "làn đường." it refers to a specific road strip: "Motorbikes are not allowed in the right-hand lane."

Roundabout is a noun pronounced /ˈraʊnd.ə.baʊt/, meaning "bùng binh, vòng xuyến." it identifies a traffic circle: "Traffic at the roundabout is often quite heavy during the morning."

Municipality is a noun pronounced /mjuːˌnɪs.ɪˈpæl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "đô thị tự quản." it refers to a local authority or city government: "The municipality is responsible for local road maintenance."

Zoning is a noun pronounced /ˈzəʊ.nɪŋ/, meaning "phân vùng quy hoạch đô thị." it refers to land use planning: "Zoning laws determine what can be built in each area."

Political Science and Civil Rights: Nhân quyền và chính trị

Democracy is a noun pronounced /dɪˈmɒk.rə.si/, meaning "dân chủ." it involves representative government: "Democracy gives citizens the right to vote for their leaders."

Human rights is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈhjuː.mən raɪts/, meaning "nhân quyền." it refers to civil and fundamental rights: "Every person deserves basic human rights regardless of nationality."

Legislation is a noun pronounced /ˌledʒ.ɪsˈleɪ.ʃən/, meaning "luận pháp, pháp luật." it refers to formal regulations or laws: "New legislation was passed to protect children online."

Refugee is a noun pronounced /ˌref.jʊˈdʒiː/, meaning "người tị nạn." it identifying displaced persons or asylum seekers: "Thousands of refugees fled the country due to the conflict."

Corruption is a noun pronounced /kəˈrʌp.ʃən/, meaning "tham nhũng." it refers to official misconduct: "Corruption is one of the biggest obstacles to economic development."

Constitution is a noun pronounced /ˌkɒn.ɪˈtjuː.ʃən/, meaning "hiến pháp." it is the basic law or charter: "The country’s constitution guarantees freedom of speech."

Diplomat is a noun pronounced /ˈdɪp.lə.mæt/, meaning "nhà ngoại giao." it identifying an envoy or ambassador: "A skilled diplomat must be able to negotiate carefully."

Sovereignty is a noun pronounced /ˈsɒv.rɪn.ti/, meaning "chủ quyền quốc gia." it describes independence or autonomy: "Every country has the right to defend its sovereignty."

Sanction functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˈsæŋk.ʃən/, meaning "lệnh trừng phạt; trừng phạt." it refers to economic restrictions: "Economic sanctions were imposed on the country."

Treaty is a noun pronounced /ˈtriː.ti/, meaning "hiệp ước." it is an official agreement or pact: "The two countries signed a peace treaty after years of conflict."

Election is a noun pronounced /ɪˈlek.ʃən/, meaning "cuộc bầu cử." it involves a public poll: "The election results were announced early in the morning."

Oppression is a noun pronounced /əˈpreʃ.ən/, meaning "đàn áp, áp bức." it describes tyranny or repression: "The citizens rose up against years of oppression."

Civil liberty is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsɪv.əl ˈlɪb.ər.ti/, meaning "quyền tự do dân sự." it refers to individual freedoms: "Freedom of speech is a fundamental civil liberty."

Protest functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˈprəʊ.test/, meaning "cuộc biểu tình; biểu tình." it is a public demonstration: "Thousands of people joined the protest against the new law."

Justice is a noun pronounced /ˈdʒʌs.ɪ.ti/, meaning "công lý, công bằng." it involves fairness and equity: "The victims demanded justice for what had happened."

Welfare state is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈwel.feər steɪt/, meaning "nhà nước phúc lợi." it refers to social state systems: "The welfare state provides healthcare and education for all citizens."

Censorship is a noun pronounced /ˈsen.sə.ʃɪp/, meaning "kiểm duyệt." it involves information suppression: "Censorship of political speech is controversial in many countries."

Asylum is a noun pronounced /əˈsaɪ.ləm/, meaning "nơi trú ẩn; quyền tị nạn." it refers to seeking refuge: "She applied for political asylum after fleeing her home country."

Amendment is a noun pronounced /əˈmend.mənt/, meaning "điều khoản sửa đổi (pháp luật)." it identifies formal revisions: "The first amendment protects freedom of speech in the US."

Referendum is a noun pronounced /ˌref.əˈren.dəm/, meaning "trưng cầu dân ý." it is a direct public vote: "The country held a referendum on whether to leave the organization."

Personal Growth and Resilience: Phát triển bản thân

Resilience is a noun pronounced /rɪˈzïl.i.əns/, meaning "khả năng phục hồi, bền bỉ." it describes toughness and adaptability: "Children need resilience to deal with life’s challenges."

Perseverance is a noun pronounced /ˌpɜː.sɪˈvɪər.əns/, meaning "kiên trì, bền chí." it involves determination: "Success often comes down to perseverance rather than natural talent."

Self-discipline is a noun pronounced /ˌself ˈdɪs.ɪ.plɪn/, meaning "tính tự kỷ luật." it refers to willpower: "Self-discipline is essential for students preparing for exams."

Motivation is a noun pronounced /ˌməʊ.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/, meaning "động lực." it is the drive for action: "Setting clear goals helps maintain motivation during difficult times."

Empathy is a noun pronounced /ˈem.pə.θi/, meaning "đồng cảm, thấu hiểu cảm xúc." it involves compassion: "A good teacher shows empathy towards struggling students."

Ambition is a noun pronounced /æmˈbɪʃ.ən/, meaning "tham vọng, hoài bão." it refers to aspiration and drive: "Her ambition is to become a leading scientist in her field."

Integrity is a noun pronounced /ɪnˈteɡ.rɪ.ti/, meaning "tính chính trực, liêm chính." it emphasizes ethics: "Leaders should demonstrate integrity in all their decisions."

Mindset is a noun pronounced /ˈmaɪnd.set/, meaning "tư duy, quan điểm." it identifies a growth attitude: "A growth mindset helps students learn from their mistakes."

Confidence is a noun pronounced /ˈkɒn.fɪ.dəns/, meaning "tự tin." it is a belief in oneself: "Public speaking practice builds confidence over time."

Adaptability is a noun pronounced /əˌdæp.təˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "khả năng thích nghi." it involves mental flexibility: "Adaptability is a key skill in a fast-changing world."

Habit is a noun pronounced /ˈhæb.ɪt/, meaning "thói quen." it refers to a routine practice: "Good study habits are developed through consistent practice."

Procrastinate is a verb pronounced /prəˈkræs.tɪ.neɪt/, meaning "trì hoãn, để việc đến phút chót." it means to delay: "Many students procrastinate and then feel overwhelmed before exams."

Self-esteem is a noun pronounced /ˌself ɪˈstiːm/, meaning "lòng tự trọng, tự đánh giá bản thân." it refers to self-worth: "Low self-esteem can negatively affect academic performance."

Initiative is a noun pronounced /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/, meaning "tinh thần chủ động, sáng kiến." it involves proactiveness: "Employers look for candidates who show initiative."

Obstacle is a noun pronounced /ˈɒb.stɪ.kəl/, meaning "trở ngại, vật cản." it identifies barriers: "Poverty should not be an obstacle to quality education."

Gratitude is a noun pronounced /ˈɡræt.ɪ.tjuːd/, meaning "lòng biết ơn." it refers to thankfulness: "Expressing gratitude can improve your mental well-being."

Overcome is a verb pronounced /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/, meaning "vượt qua (khó khăn)." it means to conquer or defeat: "She overcame many obstacles to achieve her dream."

Aspire is a verb pronounced /əˈspaɪər/, meaning "khao khát, hoài bão." it means to aim for a goal: "She aspires to become a doctor and help people in need."

Accountability is a noun pronounced /əˌkaʊn.təˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "tinh thần trách nhiệm." it signifies answerability: "Students must take accountability for their own learning."

Consistency is a noun pronounced /kənˈsɪs.tən.si/, meaning "tính nhất quán." it refers to steadiness over time: "Consistency in studying is more important than cramming."

Psychological Well-being and Affect: Cảm xúc và tâm lý

Anxiety is a noun pronounced /æŋˈzaɪ.ə.ti/, meaning "lo âu, lo lắng." it involves constant worry: "Exam anxiety affects many students’ performance."

Depression is a noun pronounced /dɪˈpreʃ.ən/, meaning "trầm cảm; chán nản." it is a low mood state: "Depression is a serious mental health condition that requires treatment."

Optimistic is an adjective pronounced /ˌɒp.tɪˈmɪs.tɪk/, meaning "lạc quan." it describes positive views: "She remains optimistic despite the many challenges she faces."

Pessimistic is an adjective pronounced /ˌpes.ɪˈmɪs.tɪk/, meaning "bi quan." it describes negative outlooks: "He is pessimistic about finding a job in this economy."

Frustration is a noun pronounced /frʌsˈtreɪ.ʃən/, meaning "bực bội, thất vọng." it involves discontent: "She expressed frustration at the lack of progress."

Compassion is a noun pronounced /kəmˈpæʃ.ən/, meaning "lòng trắc ẩn, thương người." it involves care for others: "Nurses need compassion when caring for seriously ill patients."

Envy functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˈen.vi/, meaning "ghen tị; lòng ghen tị." it describes jealousy: "Constant envy of others prevents personal growth."

Grief is a noun pronounced /ɡriːf/, meaning "nỗi đau, đau buồn (mất mát)." it relates to morning: "After the loss of her mother, she experienced deep grief."

Enthusiasm is a noun pronounced /ɪnˈθjuː.zi.æz.əm/, meaning "nhiệt tình, hăng hái." it involving passion: "His enthusiasm for learning new things is truly inspiring."

Trauma is a noun pronounced /ˈtrɔː.mə/, meaning "chấn thương tâm lý." it refers to psychological injury: "Childhood trauma can affect a person’s mental health for years."

Attitude is a noun pronounced /ˈæt.ɪ.tjuːd/, meaning "thái độ, quan điểm." it identifies a viewpoint: "A positive attitude makes it easier to overcome difficulties."

Cope is a verb pronounced /kəʊp/, meaning "đương đầu, vượt qua (khó khăn)." it means to manage or deal with: "Learning to cope with stress is an important life skill."

Instinct is a noun pronounced /ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/, meaning "bản năng." it is an intuitive response: "Mothers often act on instinct when it comes to protecting their children."

Conscience is a noun pronounced /ˈkɒn.ʃəns/, meaning "lương tâm." it is an inner moral voice: "His conscience prevented him from lying to his teacher."

Phobia is a noun pronounced /ˈfəʊ.bi.ə/, meaning "nỗi sợ hãi bệnh lý." it is an irrational terror: "She has a phobia of spiders and panics when she sees one."

Loneliness is a noun pronounced /ˈləʊn.li.nəs/, meaning "cảm giác cô đơn." it refers to isolation: "Loneliness is increasingly common in modern urban society."

Fulfillment is a noun pronounced /fʊlˈfɪl.mənt/, meaning "cảm giác thỏa mãn, mãn nguyện." it signifies contentment: "She found great fulfillment in volunteering at the children’s hospital."

Perception is a noun pronounced /pəˈsep.ʃən/, meaning "nhận thức, cách nhìn nhận." it involves understanding: "Our perception of beauty is shaped by culture and upbringing."

Subconscious functions as an adjective or noun, pronounced /ˌsʌbˈkɒn.ʃəs/, meaning "tiềm thức; thuộc về tiềm thức." it refers to the hidden mind: "Fear of failure can be stored in the subconscious mind."

Tolerance is a noun pronounced /ˈtɒl.ər.əns/, meaning "khoan dung, khả năng chấp nhận." it refers to open-mindedness: "Tolerance of different opinions is essential in a democratic society."

Culinary Arts and Nutritional Health: Ẩm thực và dinh dưỡng

Vegetarian functions as a noun or adjective, pronounced /ˌvedʒ.ɪˈteər.i.ən/, meaning "người ăn chay; thuộc về ăn chay." it refers to meat-free, plant-based diets: "She became vegetarian to reduce her environmental impact."

Ingredient is a noun pronounced /ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/, meaning "nguyên liệu (nấu ăn)." it refers to cooking components: "Fresh ingredients make a huge difference in cooking."

Cuisine is a noun pronounced /kwɪˈziːn/, meaning "ẩm thực, lối nấu ăn." it refers to a cooking style: "French cuisine is admired worldwide for its elegance."

Calorie is a noun pronounced /ˈkæl.ər.i/, meaning "calo (đơn vị năng lượng thực phẩm)." it is an energy unit (kcal): "A typical adult needs about $2000$ calories per day."

Organic is an adjective pronounced /ɔːˈɡæn.ɪk/, meaning "hữu cơ (không dùng hóa chất)." it describes natural, chemical-free food: "Organic vegetables are grown without pesticides."

Protein is a noun pronounced /ˈprəʊ.tiːn/, meaning "chất đạm, protein." it refers to amino acids found in meat, fish, and beans: "Meat, fish, and beans are excellent sources of protein."

Carbohydrate is a noun pronounced /ˌkɑː.bəʊˈhaɪ.dreɪt/, meaning "carbohydrate, tinh bột." it refers to starch energy sources: "Rice and bread are rich in carbohydrates."

Preserve functions as a verb or noun, pronounced /prɪˈzɜːv/, meaning "bảo quản (thực phẩm); mứt." it refers to conserving food: "Salt was traditionally used to preserve meat and fish."

Ferment is a verb pronounced /fəˈment/, meaning "lên men." it involves culturing sugar into acid: "Yogurt is made by fermenting milk with bacteria."

Portion is a noun pronounced /ˈpɔː.ʃən/, meaning "phần ăn." it refers to a serving or helping: "Eating smaller portions can help control weight."

Fiber is a noun pronounced /ˈfaɪ.bər/, meaning "chất xơ." it refers to roughage for digestion: "A diet high in fiber can reduce the risk of heart disease."

Supplement is a noun pronounced /ˈsʌp.lɪ.mənt/, meaning "thực phẩm bổ sung." it describes vitamin pill additions: "Many people take vitamin supplements to boost their immune system."

Vegan functions as a noun or adjective, pronounced /ˈviː.ɡən/, meaning "người thuần chay; thuần chay." it represents a strict plant-based diet excluding all animal products: "A vegan diet excludes all animal products."

Pesticide is a noun pronounced /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪd/, meaning "thuốc trừ sâu." it involves chemical insecticide sprays: "Excessive use of pesticides can contaminate water supplies."

Culinary is an adjective pronounced /ˈkʌl.ɪ.nər.i/, meaning "thuộc về nấu ăn, ẩm thực." it describes gastronomic practices: "She attended a culinary school in Paris to study French cooking."

Allergy is a noun pronounced /ˈæl.ər.dʒi/, meaning "dị ứng." it refers to dietary intolerance or sensitivity: "He has a severe allergy to peanuts."

Malnutrition is a noun pronounced /ˌmæl.njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən/, meaning "suy dinh dưỡng." it signifies undernourishment: "Malnutrition in children can cause serious developmental problems."

Appetite is a noun pronounced /ˈæp.ɪ.taɪt/, meaning "cảm giác thèm ăn, khẩu vị." it represents the desire for food: "Exercise can actually increase your appetite."

Seasoning is a noun pronounced /ˈsiː.zən.ɪ.zə/, meaning "gia vị." it involves spices or flavorings like salt and pepper: "Good seasoning brings out the natural flavors of the food."

Staple food is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsteɪ.pəl fuːd/, meaning "thực phẩm chủ yếu." it identifies the main culinary dietary staples: "Rice is the staple food for most people in Southeast Asia."

Advanced Linguistics and Dialogue: Ngôn ngữ và giao tiếp

Fluent is an adjective pronounced /ˈfluː.ənt/, meaning "lưu loát, thành thạo (ngôn ngữ)." it refers to being articulate and proficient: "She speaks French fluently after living in Paris for five years."

Bilingual is an adjective pronounced /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋ.ɡwəl/, meaning "song ngữ, biết hai ngôn ngữ." it refers to using two languages: "Bilingual children often have better cognitive flexibility."

Vocabulary is a noun pronounced /vəˈkæb.jʊ.lər.i/, meaning "vốn từ vựng." it is a word bank or lexicon: "Reading widely is the best way to improve your vocabulary."

Accent is a noun pronounced /ˈæk.sənt/, meaning "giọng (khi nói ngoại ngữ); trọng âm." it refers to intonation or pronunciation: "She has a strong Vietnamese accent when speaking English."

Grammar is a noun pronounced /ˈɡræm.ər/, meaning "ngữ pháp." it involves syntax and language rules: "Correct grammar is important for clear written communication."

Idiom is a noun pronounced /ˈɪd.i.əm/, meaning "thành ngữ." it is a figurative expression: "Learning idioms helps you sound more natural in English."

Colloquial is an adjective pronounced /kəˈləʊ.kwi.əl/, meaning "dùng trong văn nói, khẩu ngữ." it refers to informal, everyday language: "The word ‘gonna’ is colloquial and should not be used in formal writing."

Translate is a verb pronounced /trænsˈleɪt/, meaning "dịch, chuyển ngữ." it means to convert or interpret text: "She translated the novel from French into Vietnamese."

Linguistics is a noun pronounced /lɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪks/, meaning "ngon ngữ học." it is the science of language: "Linguistics studies the structure and evolution of language."

Eloquence is a noun pronounced /ˈel.ə.kwəns/, meaning "hùng hồn, tài ăn nói." it identifies articulateness: "His eloquence won over the entire audience."

Connotation is a noun pronounced /ˌkɒn.əˈteɪ.ʃən/, meaning "hàm ý, nghĩa bóng." it refers to an implied undertone: "The word ‘cheap’ has a negative connotation in many contexts."

Ambiguous is an adjective pronounced /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, meaning "mơ hồ, đa nghĩa." it describes vague content: "The instruction was ambiguous, so students were confused."

Rhetoric is a noun pronounced /ˈret.ər.ɪk/, meaning "tu từ; lời lẽ khoa trương." it refers to persuasive oratory that may be empty: "Political speeches are often full of empty rhetoric."

Coherent is an adjective pronounced /kəʊˈhɪər.ənt/, meaning "mạch lạc, có logic." it describes logical writing: "A good essay must be coherent and well-organized."

Paraphrase functions as a verb or noun, pronounced /ˈpær.ə.freɪz/, meaning "diễn giải lại; cách diễn giải lại." it means to restate or rephrase: "He paraphrased the main idea of the article in his own words."

Dialect is a noun pronounced /ˈdaɪ.ə.lekt/, meaning "phương ngữ." it identifies regional varieties: "The southern dialect of Vietnamese is spoken in Ho Chi Minh City."

Sarcasm is a noun pronounced /ˈsɑː.kæz.əm/, meaning "mỉa mai, châm biếm." it involves irony or mockery: "His comment was meant as sarcasm, not a genuine compliment."

Articulate functions as an adjective or verb, pronounced /ɑːˈtɪk.jʊ.lət/, meaning "diễn đạt rõ ràng; nói rõ." it refers to being well-spoken: "She is very articulate and expresses her ideas clearly."

Syntax is a noun pronounced /ˈsɪn.tæks/, meaning "cú pháp, trật tự câu." it involves grammar rules for sentence structure: "Understanding syntax helps you write grammatically correct sentences."

Persuade is a verb pronounced /pəˈsweɪd/, meaning "thuyết phục." it means to convince or win over: "She managed to persuade her parents to let her study abroad."

Historical and Geographical Studies: Lịch sử và địa lý

Civilization is a noun pronounced /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "nền văn minh." it refers to a complex society: "Ancient civilizations built remarkable monuments that still stand today."

Archaeological is an adjective pronounced /ˌɑː.ki.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/, meaning "thuộc về khảo cổ học." it refers to things that are excavated: "Archaeological discoveries revealed the secrets of ancient Vietnam."

Territory is a noun pronounced /ˈter.ɪ.tər.i/, meaning "lãnh thổ, vùng đất." it refers to a land domain: "The country defended its territory against foreign invasion."

Dynasty is a noun pronounced /ˈdɪn.ə.sti/, meaning "triều đại." it Identifying a ruling family's reign: "The Nguyen dynasty was the last royal family of Vietnam."

Conquest is a noun pronounced /ˈkɒn.kwest/, meaning "cuộc chinh phạt, xâm chiếm." it refers to a takeover or occupation: "The conquest of Vietnam by France lasted nearly a century."

Colonialism is a noun pronounced /kəˈləʊ.ni.ə.lɪ.zəm/, meaning "chủ nghĩa thực dân." it is imperial foreign rule: "Colonialism had a lasting impact on many Asian and African nations."

Longitude is a noun pronounced /ˈlɒŋ.ɡɪ.tjuːd/, meaning "kinh độ." it identifies east-west coordinates: "The city is located at $106$ degrees east longitude."

Latitude is a noun pronounced /ˈlæt.ɪ.tjuːd/, meaning "vĩ độ." it identifies north-south coordinates: "Countries near the equator have high latitude temperatures."

Archaeological site is a noun phrase pronounced /ˌɑː.ki.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl saɪt/, meaning "địa điểm khảo cổ." it identifying an excavation dig: "The archaeological site revealed artifacts from $3000$ years ago."

Ethnic is an adjective pronounced /ˈeθ.nɪk/, meaning "thuộc về dân tộc." it refers to cultural or racial groups: "Vietnam is home to $54$ different ethnic groups."

Empire is a noun pronounced /ˈem.paɪər/, meaning "đế chế." it identifies a monarchical realm: "The Roman Empire was one of the largest in ancient history."

Revolution is a noun pronounced /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən/, meaning "cuộc cách mạng." it identifies a political uprising: "The French Revolution changed the political landscape of Europe."

Monument is a noun pronounced /ˈmɒn.jʊ.mənt/, meaning "đài tưởng niệm, công trình lịch sử." it is a memorial landmark: "The war monument honors soldiers who died for the country."

Plateau is a noun pronounced /ˈplæt.əʊ/, meaning "cao nguyên." it identifying tablelands or highlands: "The Central Highlands of Vietnam is a vast plateau region."

Peninsula is a noun pronounced /pəˈnɪn.sjʊ.lə/, meaning "bán đảo." it refers to headlands or capes: "Vietnam is located on the Indochina Peninsula."

Sovereignty is a noun pronounced /ˈsɒv.rɪn.ti/, meaning "chủ quyền." it describes national independence: "The nation fought to restore its sovereignty after years of occupation."

Artifact is a noun pronounced /ˈɑː.tɪ.fækt/, meaning "di vật, hiện vật (lịch sử)." it identifies historical relics: "The artifact was discovered in an ancient temple."

Migration is a noun pronounced /maɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/, meaning "di dân, di cư." it refers to mass movement or relocation: "The mass migration of people from rural to urban areas is a global trend."

Topography is a noun pronounced /təˈpɒɡ.rə.fi/, meaning "địa hình." it describes terrain landscapes: "The topography of Vietnam includes mountains, valleys, and coastlines."

Indigenous people is a noun phrase pronounced /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs ˈpiː.pəl/, meaning "người bản địa." it identifying aboriginal populations: "Indigenous people have lived in these forests for thousands of years."

Climate Science and Global Action: Hành động khí hậu

Carbon neutral is an adjective phrase pronounced /ˈkɑː.bən ˈnjuː.trəl/, meaning "trung hòa carbon." it involves net-zero emissions: "The company aims to become carbon neutral by $2030$."

Solar panel is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsəʊ.lər ˈpæn.əl/, meaning "tấm pin năng lượng mặt trời." it is a photovoltaic cell device: "Solar panels are being installed on rooftops across the country."

Wind turbine is a noun phrase pronounced /wɪnd ˈtɜː.baɪn/, meaning "tuabin gió." it serves as a wind generator: "Wind turbines generate clean electricity from the wind."

Compost functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˈkɒm.pɒst/, meaning "phân compost; ủ phân." it is organic matter used as mulch: "Composting kitchen waste reduces landfill and enriches soil."

Landfill is a noun pronounced /ˈlænd.fɪl/, meaning "bãi rác (chôn lấp)." it is a waste site or garbage dump: "Billions of tonnes of plastic end up in landfill each year."

Emission trading is a noun phrase pronounced /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən ˈtreɪ.dɪŋ/, meaning "giao dịch phát thải (thị trường carbon)." it involves a cap-and-trade scheme: "Emission trading schemes help companies reduce carbon output."

Deforestation is a noun pronounced /ˌdiː.fɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən/, meaning "nạn phá rừng." it describes forest destruction: "Deforestation in the Amazon is accelerating at an alarming rate."

Glacier is a noun pronounced /ˈɡlæs.i.ər/, meaning "sông băng." it refers to a moving ice mass: "Many glaciers around the world are melting due to climate change."

Sea level rise is a noun phrase pronounced /siː ˈlev.əl raɪz/, meaning "nước biển dâng." it causes coastal flooding: "Sea level rise threatens low-lying countries like Bangladesh."

Biodegradable is an adjective pronounced /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.dɪˈɡreɪ.də.bəl/, meaning "phân hủy sinh học được." it describes decomposable materials: "Biodegradable packaging is better for the environment than plastic."

Reforestation is a noun pronounced /ˌriː.fɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən/, meaning "tái trồng rừng." it involves tree planting for forest restoration: "Reforestation projects help restore damaged ecosystems."

Carbon capture is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈkɑː.bən ˈkæp.tʃər/, meaning "thu giữ carbon." it involves $CO_2$ sequestration: "Carbon capture technology could help reduce emissions from industry."

Green energy is a noun phrase pronounced /ɡriːn ˈen.ə.dʒi/, meaning "năng lượng xanh, sạch." it identifying renewable power: "Switching to green energy is essential to fight climate change."

Environmental impact is a noun phrase pronounced /ɪnˌvaɪ.rənˈmen.təl ˈɪm.pækt/, meaning "tác động môi trường." it involves determining the ecological footprint: "Companies must assess their environmental impact before starting new projects."

Habitat destruction is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt dɪˈstrʌk.ʃən/, meaning "phá hủy môi trường sống." it refers to ecosystem damage: "Habitat destruction is the leading cause of animal extinction."

Eco-friendly is an adjective pronounced /ˌːri.kəʊˈfrend.li/, meaning "thân thiện với môi trường." it identifying sustainable products: "More consumers are choosing eco-friendly products."

Water scarcity is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈwɔː.tər ˈskeər.sɪ.ti/, meaning "khan hiếm nước sạch." it involves water shortages: "Water scarcity affects over $2$ billion people worldwide."

Toxice waste is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈtɒk.sɪk weɪst/, meaning "chất thải độc hại." it refers to hazardous chemical waste: "Illegal dumping of toxic waste poisons rivers and soil."

Net zero is a noun phrase pronounced /net ˈzɪər.əʊ/, meaning "phát thải ròng bằng $0$." it signifies carbon neutrality: "Many governments have pledged to reach net zero emissions by $2050$."

Sustainable agriculture is a noun phrase pronounced /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl ˈæɡ.rɪ.kʌl.tʃər/, meaning "nông nghiệp bền vững." it identifies green farming practices: "Sustainable agriculture protects soil and reduces chemical use."

Socio-Cultural Issues: Vấn đề xã hội

Inequality is a noun pronounced /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɒl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "bất bình đẳng." it involves societal disparity: "Income inequality is growing in many developing countries."

Homelessness is a noun pronounced /ˈhəʊm.ləs.nəs/, meaning "tình trạng vô gia cư." it involves rough sleeping or destitution: "Homelessness is a complex social problem that requires urgent solutions."

Addiction is a noun pronounced /əˈdɪk.ʃən/, meaning "chứng nghiện." it describes habit dependency: "Drug addiction is a growing crisis in many urban areas."

Juvenile functions as an adjective or noun, pronounced /ˈdʒuː.vɪ.naɪl/, meaning "vị thành niên; thuộc về trẻ em." it identifying underage individuals: "Juvenile delinquency is often linked to poverty and lack of education."

Cyberbullying is a noun pronounced /ˈsaɪ.bəˌbʊl.i.ɪŋ/, meaning "bắt nạt trực tuyến." it is online harassment: "Cyberbullying can cause serious psychological damage to young people."

Domestic violence is a noun phrase pronounced /dəˈmes.tɪk ˈvaɪ.ə.ləns/, meaning "bạo lực gia đình." it refers to intimate partner violence: "Domestic violence affects millions of families worldwide."

Trafficking is a noun pronounced /ˈtræf.ɪ.kɪŋ/, meaning "buôn bán người hoặc chất cấm." it involves exploitation or smuggling: "Human trafficking is a violation of basic human rights."

Social exclusion is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsəʊ.xl ɪkˈskluː.ʒən/, meaning "loại trừ xã hội." it involves marginalization or ostracism: "Social exclusion often affects minorities and people with disabilities."

Stereotype is a noun pronounced /ˈster.i.ə.taɪp/, meaning "định kiến, khuôn mẫu cố định." it is a prejudicial generalization: "Gender stereotypes can limit children’s career choices."

Social mobility is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsəʊ.xl məʊˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/, meaning "cơ hội vươn lên trong xã hội." it describes upward class movement: "Education is the key to social mobility for underprivileged children."

Marginalized is an adjective pronounced /ˈmɑː.dʒɪ.nə.laɪzd/, meaning "yếu thế, bị loại trừ." it identifying disadvantaged or excluded groups: "Marginalized communities often lack access to quality healthcare."

Empowerment is a noun pronounced /ɪmˈpaʊ.ər.mənt/, meaning "trao quyền, nâng cao vị thế." it involves enablement or authorization: "Women’s empowerment is central to sustainable development."

Rehabilitation is a noun pronounced /ˌːri.həˌbɪl.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/, meaning "phục hồi, tái hòa nhập." it involves reintegration after crime or illness: "Rehabilitation programs help former criminals reintegrate into society."

Racism is a noun pronounced /ˈreɪ.sɪ.zəm/, meaning "phân biệt chủng tộc." it is racial discrimination or bigotry: "Racism remains a deeply rooted problem in many societies."

Campaign functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /kæmˈpeɪn/, meaning "chiến dịch (xã hội, chính trị)." it is an organized societal movement: "A national campaign was launched to raise awareness about mental health."

Awareness is a noun pronounced /əˈweər.nəs/, meaning "nhận thức, ý thức." it signifies consciousness or knowledge: "Raising awareness about climate change is crucial."

Solidarity is a noun pronounced /ˌsɒl.ɪˈdær.ɪ.ti/, meaning "tinh thần đoàn kết." it refers to unity and togetherness: "Community solidarity helped residents recover after the flood."

Vulnerable is an adjective pronounced /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bəl/, meaning "dễ bị tổn thương, yếu thế." it describes at-risk or susceptible groups: "Elderly people are particularly vulnerable during heat waves."

Urban poverty is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈɜː.bən ˈpɒv.ə.ti/, meaning "nghèo đói ở thành thị." it is inner-city deprivation: "Urban poverty often coexists with wealth in large cities."

Social cohesion is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈsəʊ.xl kəʊˈhiː.ʒən/, meaning "gắn kết xã hội." it describes community bonds and social unity: "Strong social cohesion helps countries recover from crisis."

Educational Systems and Pedagogy: Hệ thống giáo dục

Standardized test is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈstæn.də.daɪzd test/, meaning "bài kiểm tra chuẩn hóa." it is a uniform national exam like the SAT: "The SAT is one of the most widely used standardized tests."

Pedagogy is a noun pronounced /ˈped.ə.ɡɒdʒ.i/, meaning "phương pháp giảng dạy." it describes an educational approach: "Modern pedagogy emphasizes active learning and student engagement."

E-learning is a noun pronounced /ˈɪː.lɜː.nɪŋ/, meaning "học trực tuyến." it refers to distance or online learning: "E-learning became essential during the COVID-$19$ pandemic."

Dropout rate is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈdrɒp.aʊt reɪt/, meaning "tỷ lệ học sinh bỏ học." it represents a school leaving or attrition rate: "High dropout rates indicate problems in the education system."

Inclusive education is a noun phrase pronounced /ɪnˈkluː.sɪv ˌedʒ.ʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "giáo dục hòa nhập." it involves integration of special needs students: "Inclusive education ensures that students with disabilities can learn alongside peers."

Plagiarism is a noun pronounced /ˈpleɪ.dʒər.ɪ.zəm/, meaning "đạo văn." it is intellectual theft or copying: "Plagiarism is taken very seriously in universities."

Mentorship is a noun pronounced /ˈmen.tər.ʃɪp/, meaning "hướng dẫn, cố vấn." it provides coaching or guidance: "Mentorship programs help new students navigate university life."

Grade functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ɡreɪd/, meaning "điểm số; chấm điểm." it identifies a student's score or mark: "She received top grades in all her subjects."

Semester is a noun pronounced /sɪˈmes.tər/, meaning "học kỳ." it is an academic term or period: "The school year is divided into two semesters."

Thesis is a noun pronounced /ˈθiː.sɪs/, meaning "luận văn, luận điểm." it is a dissertation or lengthy research paper: "She spent two years writing her thesis on climate change."

Syllabus is a noun pronounced /ˈsɪl.ə.bəs/, meaning "đề cương môn học." it is a course outline: "The syllabus outlines all the topics covered in the course."

Scholarship is a noun pronounced /ˈskɒl.ə.ʃɪp/, meaning "học bổng." it is a financial grant: "She received a government scholarship to study medicine abroad."

Intellectual property is a noun phrase pronounced /ˌɪn.təˈlek.tʃu.əl ˈprɒp.ər.ti/, meaning "sở hữu trí tuệ." it refers to IP or copyright: "Intellectual property rights protect creators’ ideas and inventions."

Distance learning is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈdɪs.təns ˈlɜː.nɪŋ/, meaning "học từ xa." it refers to remote learning via correspondence: "Distance learning allows students to study from anywhere in the world."

Motivation is a noun pronounced /ˌməʊ.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən/, meaning "động lực học tập." it is the drive or incentive: "Intrinsic motivation is more effective than external rewards."

Bilingual education is a noun phrase pronounced /ˌbaɪˈlɪŋ.ɡwəl ˌedʒ.ʊˈkeɪ.ʃən/, meaning "giáo dục song ngữ." it involves dual language schooling: "Bilingual education helps students learn in two languages simultaneously."

Tutorial is a noun pronounced /tjuːˈtɔː.ri.əl/, meaning "buổi học kèm, hướng dẫn." it is a coaching session or lesson: "Online tutorials make it easy to learn new skills at home."

Critical thinking is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl ˈθɪŋ.kɪŋ/, meaning "tư duy phản biện." it is analytical thinking or logical reasoning: "Critical thinking is the ability to analyze arguments objectively."

Grading system is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈɡreɪ.dɪŋ ˈsɪs.təm/, meaning "hệ thống chấm điểm." it is an assessment system or marking scheme: "Different countries use different grading systems."

Literacy rate is a noun phrase pronounced /ˈlɪt.ər.ə.si reɪt/, meaning "tỷ lệ biết chữ." it describes an education level by percentage: "Vietnam has one of the highest literacy rates in Southeast Asia."

High-Frequency Core Vocabulary: Từ vựng tần suất cao

Significant is an adjective pronounced /sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/, meaning "đáng kể, quan trọng." it describes something considerable or notable: "There has been a significant improvement in air quality."

Demonstrate is a verb pronounced /ˈdem.ən.streɪt/, meaning "chứng minh, thể hiện." it means to prove or show evidence: "The experiment demonstrated the effects of pollution on plant growth."

Contribute is a verb pronounced /kənˈtrɪb.juːt/, meaning "đóng góp." it means to add or give to a goal: "Everyone can contribute to reducing climate change."

Impact functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˈɪm.pækt/, meaning "tác động; có tác động." it signifies an influence or effect: "The pandemic had a huge impact on global education."

Crucial is an adjective pronounced /ˈkruː.ʃəl/, meaning "thiết yếu, hết sức quan trọng." it identifies vital or essential factors: "Regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health."

Implement is a verb pronounced /ˈɪm.pɪ.ment/, meaning "thực hiện, triển khai." it means to execute or apply a plan: "The school plans to implement a new anti-bullying policy."

Beneficial is an adjective pronounced /ˌben.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/, meaning "có lợi, mang lại ích lợi." it is advantageous or helpful: "Exercise is beneficial for both physical and mental health."

Consequence is a noun pronounced /ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwəns/, meaning "hậu quả, kết quả." it is the result or outcome: "Ignoring climate change will have severe consequences."

Adequate is an adjective pronounced /ˈæd.ɪ.kwɪt/, meaning "đủ, thỏa đáng." it refers to a sufficient amount: "Students need adequate sleep to perform well in exams."

Alternative functions as a noun or adjective, pronounced /ɔːlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv/, meaning "phương án thay thế; thay thế." it identifies a substitute or option: "Are there any alternatives to using plastic packaging?"

Perspective is a noun pronounced /pəˈspek.tɪv/, meaning "góc nhìn, quan điểm." it identifies a standpoint or viewpoint: "Travelling gives you a new perspective on life."

Challenge functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒ/, meaning "thách thức; phản bác." it is an obstacle or test: "Climate change presents a major challenge for all countries."

Advocate functions as a verb or noun, pronounced /ˈæd.və.keɪt/, meaning "ủng hộ, vận động; người ủng hộ." it involves public support or promotion: "She advocates for better mental health support in schools."

Sustainable is an adjective pronounced /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/, meaning "bền vững." it describes a viable or long-lasting method: "We need sustainable solutions to meet the world’s energy needs."

Diverse is an adjective pronounced /daɪˈvɜːs/, meaning "đa dạng." it refers to varied or heterogeneous elements: "The class is diverse, with students from $15$ different countries."

Priority is a noun pronounced /praɪˈɒr.ɪ.ti/, meaning "ưu tiên, thứ tự ưu tiên." it is the main concern or first consideration: "Education should be a top priority for any government."

Evaluate is a verb pronounced /ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/, meaning "đánh giá, nhận xét." it means to judge or assess quality: "We need to evaluate the effectiveness of the new teaching method."

Promote is a verb pronounced /prəˈməʊt/, meaning "thúc đẩy, quảng bá, thăng tiến." it means to encourage or support growth: "Schools should promote creativity and critical thinking."

Efficient is an adjective pronounced /ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/, meaning "hiệu quả (dùng ít tài nguyên nhất)." it is productive and effective: "An efficient public transport system reduces pollution."

Identify is a verb pronounced /aɪˈden.tɪ.faɪ/, meaning "xác định, nhận ra." it means to determine or recognize: "Scientists need to identify the main causes of the disease."

Analyze is a verb pronounced /ˈæn.ə.laɪz/, meaning "phân tích." it means to study or examine components: "Students must analyze the data and draw conclusions."

Propose is a verb pronounced /prəˈpəʊz/, meaning "đề xuất." it means to suggest or put forward ideas: "The committee proposed several solutions to the housing crisis."

Abandon is a verb pronounced /əˈbæn.dən/, meaning "từ bỏ." it means to give up or desert a custom: "Many traditional customs have been abandoned in modern society."

Acquire is a verb pronounced /əˈkwaɪər/, meaning "đạt được, thu nhận." it means to gain or obtain skills: "Children acquire language skills naturally through exposure."

Reinforce is a verb pronounced /ˌːri.ɪnˈfɔːs/, meaning "củng cố, tăng cường." it means to strengthen or support: "Positive feedback reinforces good study habits."

Interaction is a noun pronounced /ˌɪn.tərˈæk.ʃən/, meaning "tương tác." it refers to engagement and communication: "Positive teacher-student interaction improves learning outcomes."

Transition functions as a noun or verb, pronounced /trænˈzɪʃ.ən/, meaning "chuyển đổi; giai đoạn chuyển tiếp." it refers to a shift or change: "The transition from school to university can be challenging."

Objective functions as a noun or adjective, pronounced /əbˈdʒek.tɪv/, meaning "mục tiêu; khách quan." it refers to an unbiased goal: "The objective of this lesson is to improve your writing skills."

Assume is a verb pronounced /əˈsjuːm/, meaning "giả định, cho rằng." it means to presume or suppose: "Many people assume that studying abroad is very expensive."

Reliable is an adjective pronounced /rɪˈlaɪ.ə.bəl/, meaning "đáng tin cậy." it describes trustworthy or dependable sources: "Make sure your information comes from reliable sources."

Contemporary is an adjective pronounced /kənˈtem.pər.ər.i/, meaning "đương đại, hiện đại." it refers to present-day society: "Contemporary society faces many new environmental challenges."

Phenomenon is a noun pronounced /fɪˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/, meaning "hiện tượng." it identifies an event or occurrence: "The rise of social media is a remarkable social phenomenon."

Inevitable is an adjective pronounced /ɪnˈev.ɪ.tə.bəl/, meaning "không thể tránh khỏi." it describes certain or unavoidable changes: "Change is inevitable in a rapidly developing society."

Transparent is an adjective pronounced /trænsˈpær.ənt/, meaning "minh bạch, rõ ràng." it refers to open, clear operations: "Governments must be transparent about how public money is spent."

Empowerment is a noun pronounced /ɪmˈpaʊ.ər.mənt/, meaning "trao quyền; nâng cao năng lực." it refers to enablement and strengthening: "Digital empowerment gives people access to information and opportunities."

Ethical is an adjective pronounced /ˈeθ.ɪ.kəl/, meaning "có đạo đức, hợp đạo đức." it describes principled or moral conduct: "Researchers must conduct their experiments in an ethical manner."

Global is an adjective pronounced /ˈɡləʊ.bəl/, meaning "toàn cầu." it refers to worldwide or international issues: "Climate change is a global problem that requires global solutions."

Fundamental is an adjective pronounced /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/, meaning "căn bản, cơ bản nhất." it identifies essential or basic needs: "Clean water is a fundamental human need."

Sophisticated is an adjective pronounced /səˈfɪs.tɪ.keɪ.tɪd/, meaning "tinh vi, phức tạp, hiện đại." it describes advanced or complex devices: "Modern smartphones are increasingly sophisticated devices."

Prevalent is an adjective pronounced /ˈprev.ə.lənt/, meaning "phổ biến, lan rộng." it describes widespread or common occurrences: "Stress is prevalent among students preparing for national exams."