Untitled Flashcard Set

PART A: EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS

Unit 1: Communication Skills

• Communication Process: Communication is the interchange, transaction, dialogue, or sharing of information, thoughts, and emotions between a sender and a receiver.

• Three Stages of Interpersonal Communication:

  • Phatic Stage: The initial formal greeting stage (e.g., "Hi", "Hello", "Namaskar") that serves as a conversation icebreaker.

  • Personal Stage: Moving past formality to share personal opinions, profession, family background, and thoughts, expecting reciprocal sharing.

  • Intimate Stage: Reserved for close friends and family to share deep trust, anxieties, and personal ambitions.

• Barriers to Communication:

  • Physical Barriers: Environmental hindrances such as noise, distance, space, time, climate, or physical ill-health.

  • Psychological Barriers: Personal frames of reference, emotional state, mental distress, or existing prejudices.

  • Defensiveness & Fear: Emotional resistance triggered when a person feels threatened physically or mentally.

  • Linguistic & Cultural Barriers: Inability to communicate due to language differences, varied cultural body language, or social norms.

  • Mechanical Barriers: Technical defects or signal disruptions in instruments/equipment used for message transmission.

Unit 2: Self-Management Skills

• Definition: The capacity to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and resources to achieve personal and professional goals effectively.

• Core Components:

  • Self-Awareness: Understanding your own strengths, weaknesses, values, and emotional triggers.

  • Self-Motivation: Taking initiative and persisting through challenges without requiring external driving forces.

  • Self-Regulation / Stress Management: Managing stress, anxiety, and emotional reactions constructively under pressure.

  • Time Management: Prioritizing high-value tasks, eliminating distractions, and adhering to schedules.

  • Goal Setting: Planning targets using the SMART framework (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound).

PART B: SUBJECT SKILLS

Unit 1: Introduction to Mass Communication

Medium vs. Mass Medium

• Medium: Any technology, agency, or instrument through which signals, messages, or information are transmitted (e.g., telephone, theatre).

• Mass Medium: A technology-driven agency capable of simultaneously transmitting messages to a large, geographically dispersed, and heterogeneous audience (e.g., Radio, TV, Newspapers, Internet).

Interpersonal vs. Mass Communication

Functions of Mass Media

• Journalism & Information: Gathering, verifying, and distributing news regarding current events.

• Advocacy: Used for public relations, advertising, marketing, political campaigns, and propaganda.

• Entertainment: Storytelling via screen, performance, music, and interactive media.

• Public Service: Disseminating public welfare announcements, health awareness, and educational content.

Rajwade’s Formulation of Expression

• Marathi historian V.K. Rajwade outlined 4 Natural Abilities: Speech, Gesture, Ability to Draw, and Ability to Make Solid Figures.

• Combined with functional and evocative uses alongside external tools, these give rise to 20 basic forms of expression (which extend to 40 forms across realistic and fantastic planes).

Unit 2: Evolution of the Media

1. Cinema

• Nature of Cinema: An audio-visual, spatio-temporal, narrative medium that projects a 2D image to create the illusion of a 3D world.

• Cinema in Relation to Other Arts:

  • Literature: Literature relies on mental imagery built from words; cinema presents concrete, identical visual images directly to all viewers on screen.

  • Painting: Cinema borrows shot framing, composition, lighting dynamics, and foreground/background relationships.

  • Sculpture: Cinema incorporates dynamic 3D spatial points of view as camera and subjects move.

  • Architecture: Serves as functional settings, narrative landmarks, and spatial staging environments.

  • Music: Adds emotional depth, builds narrative pace, sets mood, and establishes iconic film identities.

  • Theatre: Theatre is live, life-sized, with a fixed audience viewpoint; cinema is recorded, larger-than-life, with fluid camera viewpoints and editing.

Narrative Structure

• Macro-Structure (Scripting Stage):

  • Linear Narrative: Chronological progression where events unfold step-by-step (e.g., Pather Panchali).

  • Non-Linear Narrative: Uses time jumps, flashbacks, dreams, or non-sequential story arcs (e.g., Sholay, Dil Chahta Hai).

  • Sequence: A complete narrative unit bound by specific time and space.

• Micro-Structure (Production & Editing Stage):

  • Shot Sizes: Extreme Long Shot (ELS), Long Shot (LS), Mid Long Shot (MLS), Mid Shot (MS), Mid Close Up (MCU), Close Up (CU), Extreme Close Up (ECU).

  • Camera Angles: Bird’s-Eye View, High Angle (makes subject look weak/small), Eye Level (neutral), Low Angle (makes subject look powerful/dominant), Oblique/Canted (instability/horror), Worm's Eye View, Ground Shot.

  • Camera Movements: Pan (horizontal swivel), Tilt (vertical tilt), Track/Dolly (bodily movement along tracks), Crane Shot.

  • Three-Point Lighting:

    1. Key Light: Main and brightest light source.

    2. Fill Light: Softens harsh shadows created by key light.

    3. Back Light: Counteracts key light, creating depth and separating subject from background.

  • Editing Transitions: Cut, Dissolve, Fade In/Out, Wipe, Freeze Frame, Morphing.

2. Television

Television vs. Cinema

Evolution of TV in India

• 1959: Experimental television transmission launched in New Delhi with UNESCO assistance.

• 1982: Introduction of Colour Television and regular national broadcasts (DD1) starting on Independence Day and expanding for the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi.

• 1983: Commissioning of INSAT-1B (Indian National Satellite system), revolutionizing national TV broadcasting, telecommunication, and weather forecasting across remote Indian regions.

TV Production Stages & Key Personnel

• Pre-Production: Concept development, research, scripting, casting, location scouting (recce), shot listing, budgeting, and scheduling.

• Production: Actual shooting on studio floor or location, managing lighting, actors, camera work, and audio recording.

• Post-Production: Non-Linear Editing (NLE), audio track mixing, dubbing/voice-over, colour correction, visual effects (VFX), graphics/titles, and mastering.

• Key Personnel: Producer (overall head), Director, Scriptwriter, Floor Manager, Vision Switcher, Cameraperson, Sound Engineer, Video Editor.

TV Programming Concepts

• Dayparting: Dividing the broadcast day into specific time blocks based on target demographics (e.g., Morning News, Daytime Soaps for home audiences, Prime Time 8–11 PM for general family viewing, Late Night).

• Stripping: Running episodes of a syndicated television show at the same time slot every day from Monday to Friday.

• Genres:

  • Fiction: Soap Operas, Sitcoms, Crime Thrillers, Mythologies, Sci-Fi.

  • Non-Fiction: News Bulletins, Documentaries, Reality Shows, Chat/Talk Shows, Game/Quiz Shows, Travelogues.

3. Print Media (Newspapers & Periodicals)

• Formats of Newspapers:

  • Broadsheet: Standard large-page format used for major national and daily newspapers.

  • Tabloid: Compact format, heavily focused on human-interest stories, celebrity news, crime, and soft news.

  • Berliner: Medium format, slightly narrower/shorter than broadsheet and taller/wider than tabloid.

• Core Elements of Newspaper Content:

  • Headline: Summarizes the story at the top in large type.

  • Lead: Opening paragraph containing essential news points.

  • By-line: Mentions the reporter or writer of the story.

  • Dateline: City and date from where the story is reported.

  • Editorial Page: Features official opinions of the editor/newspaper management on current affairs.

  • Op-Ed Page: "Opposite Editorial" page featuring columns by guest writers, experts, and external commentators.