AP U.S. History Unit 1: Exploration and Colonial Settlement (1491 – 1775)

Academic Overview and Learning Objectives (1491 – 1775) * This study guide covers Unit 1 of A.P. U.S. History, focusing on the Exploration of the New World and Colonial Settlement during the period spanning from 1491 to 1775. * Required reading includes the "American Pageant" textbook, encompassing Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and Chapter 6 through page 127. * Learning Objective 1: Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607. * Learning Objective 2: Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America. * Learning Objective 3: Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations. * Learning Objective 4: Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492. * Learning Objective 5: Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures over time. * Learning Objective 6: Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period. * Learning Objective 7: Explain the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607. * Learning Objective 8: Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 to 1754. * Learning Objective 9: Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754. * Learning Objective 10: Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754. * Learning Objective 11: Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time. * Learning Objective 12: Explain how and why interactions between various European nations and American Indians changed over time. * Learning Objective 13: Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions. * Learning Objective 14: Explain how enslaved people responded to slavery. * Learning Objective 15: Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time. * Learning Objective 16: Explain how and why the different goals and interests of European leaders and colonists affected how they viewed themselves and their relationship with Britain. * Learning Objective 17: Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America. * Learning Objective 18: Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War). # Key Concepts of Native Migration and Environmental Adaptation * Concept 1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. * Concept 2: Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. # Impact of Contact and the Columbian Exchange * Concept 3: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. * Concept 4: European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies. * Concept 5: The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. * Concept 6: In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. # Patterns of European Colonization and Imperial Goals * Concept 7: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. * Concept 8: Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. * Concept 9: In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. * Concept 10: Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. # Transatlantic Exchanges and the Development of Colonial Society * Concept 11: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control. * Concept 12: Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. * Concept 13: Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. # Redundant Key Concepts for Review (Note-taking Persistence) * Concept 14: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. * Concept 15: Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. * Concept 16: In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. * Concept 17: Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. * Concept 18: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control. * Concept 19: Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. * Concept 20: Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. # The Seven Years’ War and Imperial Conflict * Concept 21: The competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied American Indians. # Major Native American Tribes and Cultural Organizations * Chinook: Native American tribe located in the Pacific Northwest. * Algonquin: Major language group and cultural group of Native Americans in the Northeast. * Iroquois: A powerful group of Native Americans in the northeast, known for the Iroquois Confederacy. * Pueblos: Native American group in the Southwest known for their distinctive permanent apartment-like structures and complex irrigation systems. # Colonization, Resistance, and Conflict Terms * Columbian Exchange: The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries. * Triangular Trade: A historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions, specifically the transatlantic slave trade system. * Native American Resistance: General movements of indigenous people against European encroachment. * Pueblo Revolt: An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. * Beaver Wars: A series of conflicts in the 17th century involving the Iroquois seeking to expand their territory and dominate the fur trade. * Chickasaw Wars: Conflicts in the 18th century between the Chickasaw (allied with British) and the French (allied with Choctaws and Illinois). * Huron Confederacy: A group of Iroquoian-speaking nations in the St. Lawrence Valley and Great Lakes area. * Iroquois Confederacy: A league of several nations and tribes of indigenous people in North America. * King Philip’s War (Metacom): A bloody conflict between New England colonists and Native American groups under the leadership of Metacom (known as King Philip). # Spanish Imperialism and Social Systems * Spanish conquistadors: Soldiers and explorers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires who conquered territory in the Americas. * Juan de Sepulveda: Spanish philosopher/theologian who defended the Spanish right to conquer Native Americans. * Bartolome de Las Casas: A 16th-century Spanish landowner, friar, priest, and bishop, famed as a social reformer and defender of Native American rights. * Juan de Onate: A Spanish Conquistador, explorer, and colonial governor of the Santa Fe de Nuevo México province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. * Casta system: A social hierarchy based on race used in the Spanish Empire. * Corridos: A popular narrative metrical tale and poetry that forms a ballad, often about oppression or history in Spanish-speaking cultures. * Encomienda system: A labor system in the Spanish Empire that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people. * Mission Settlements (missionaries): Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic orders to convert Native Americans and expand territory. # British Colonial Development and Religious Dissent * Puritan dissenters: Groups or individuals who broke away from the mainstream Puritan church in New England. * Anne Hutchinson: A Puritan spiritual adviser and focal participant in the Antinomian Controversy. * Roger Williams: A Puritan minister, theologian, and author who founded the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. * Scots-Irish: Migrants from the borderlands of Scotland and northern Ireland who settled in the American colonies. * Mercantilism: An economic policy designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy, tied heavily to colonialism. * Salutary neglect: An unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations on their American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries. * Navigation Acts: A series of laws passed by the British Parliament that imposed restrictions on colonial trade. * Founding of Pennsylvania: Established by William Penn as a haven for Quakers. * Maryland Act of Toleration 1649: A law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians. * Anglicization: The process of making someone or something English in character or form. * New England Confederation (1643): A short-lived military alliance of the New England colonies. * Dominion of New England (1686): An administrative union of English colonies covering New England and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies. * Head-right system/Indentured servants: A system where land was granted to settlers who paid for the passage of laborers (indentured servants). * Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): An armed rebellion in 17th-century Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley. * Frontier vs. tidewater Virginia: The socio-economic and geographic divide between established coastal planters and inland settlers. # Slavery, Labor, and Cultural Forms * Slavery: The system of legal ownership of human beings. * Mullato: A historical term for a person of mixed white and Black ancestry. * Maroon communities: Settled groups of formerly enslaved people who escaped from slavery and established independent settlements. * Vaqueros: Spanish or Mexican cowboys (influenced Amerindian and Western labor). * West Indies/plantation agriculture: Economies in the Caribbean based on large-scale farming and forced labor. * Carolinas – rice: The primary cash crop of the Southern Carolina region. * Barbados - sugar: The primary cash crop of the British West Indies. * Mestizo/Metis/Zambo: Terms for people of mixed racial heritage (Spanish/Native, French/Native, African/Native). # Economic and Political Structures in the Colonies * Joint-Stock Companies: Businesses owned by shareholders; funded early colonial ventures like the Virginia Company. * Jamestown / tobacco: The first permanent English settlement (1607) and its primary economic staple. * Va. House of Burgesses: The first elected legislative assembly in the New World, established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. * Separatists (Pilgrims): Puritans who wanted to break away completely from the Church of England. * Plymouth: The colony founded by the Separatists in 1620. * Mayflower Compact: The first governing document of Plymouth Colony, signed by the male passengers of the Mayflower. * Puritans: English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England. * Calvinism/Pre-Destination: Theological belief in the absolute sovereignty of God and the pre-determination of the fate of human souls. * African cultural contributions: Influence of enslaved Africans on American food, music, and traditions. * Half-way covenant: A middle way for people to join the Puritan church without a full conversion experience. * Salem Witch Trials: A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. * Great Awakening: A religious revival that swept through the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. * Zenger case: A landmark 1735 legal case involving John Peter Zenger that helped establish freedom of the press. * Republicanism: The political ideology centered on citizenship and liberty. * Protestant evangelism: A movement within Protestantism that emphasizes the preaching of the gospel. # Imperial Conflict and the Road to Revolution * Albany Congress (1754): A meeting of representatives sent by the legislatures of seven of the thirteen British colonies in British North America to plan defensive measures. * French & Indian War (Seven Years War): A war fought between Great Britain and France (with various native allies) over control of North America from 1754 to 1763. * Proclamation 1763: A British edict following the French and Indian War that prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. * Pontiac’s Rebellion: An 1763 uprising by a confederation of Native American tribes against British power in the Great Lakes region. * Peace of Paris 1763: The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War, resulting in France losing most of its North American territory. # Chronological Groupings * Group #1: 1491-1607 (Focus on pre-contact and initial Spanish/Portuguese exploration). * Group #2: 1607-1754 (Focus on British, French, and Dutch colonization and the development of colonial society).