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PSY08101 Applied Memory 24-25 - Copy

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PSY08101 Applied Memory 24-25 - Copy

PSY08101 Cognitive Psychology 1

Lecture Overview

  • Topics Covered:

    • Everyday Memory

    • Autobiographical Memory

    • Prospective Memory

    • Eyewitness Memory

    • Memory Failures

    • False Memory

    • Amnesia

    • Alzheimer’s Disease

    • Improving Memory

Required Reading

  • Main Text: Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2020). Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook (8th ed.). Psychology Press. Chapters 8, 6-7.

  • Additional Reading: Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2015). Memory (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. Chapters 11-13, 16-17.

Working Memory Model (Baddeley, 2012)

  • Components:

    • Central Executive: Oversees and coordinates

    • Slave Systems:

      • Episodic Buffer: Integrates information from different sources

      • Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad: Manages visual and spatial information

      • Phonological Loop: Processes auditory information, including speech

Long-Term Memory

  • Types of Long-term Memory:

    • Declarative (Explicit):

      • Episodic: Events and experiences from one’s life

      • Semantic: Facts and knowledge about the world

    • Non-Declarative (Implicit):

      • Procedural: Skills and tasks

      • Priming: Exposure to one stimulus influences response to another

Everyday Memory Types

  • Autobiographical Memory:

    • Involves self-related events, distinct from episodic memory, may include semantic memory.

    • Contains unique phenomena such as:

      • Flashbulb Memories: Detailed recollections of significant events (Brown & Kulik, 1977).

      • Childhood Amnesia: Few memories from before age 3.

      • Reminiscence Bump: Enhanced recall from adolescence and early adulthood.

Flashbulb Memories

  • Characteristics:

    • Vividness, detail, longevity

    • Perceived as more accurate but can be distorted

    • Example Study: Pezdek (2003) and 9/11 post-event recall.

Childhood Amnesia

  • Few memories before age 3.

  • Theories:

    • Two-stage theory:

      • Absolute and relative amnesia based on age and cognitive development.

    • Neurogenic hypothesis emphasizes the role of developing Hippocampus.

Reminiscence Bump

  • Peak memories from the ages of 10 to 30, influenced by life scripting and cultural expectations.

Prospective Memory

  • Definition: Remembering to perform intended actions in the future.

  • Model Process:

    • Intention Formation, Retention, Monitoring for Cues, Retrieval, and Execution.

  • Types:

    • Event-based: Easier with external cues.

    • Time-based: Organized around timed actions.

  • Issues with Prospective Memory: Context, stress effects, and mental health.

Eyewitness Memory

  • Influences:

    • Confirmation Bias: Memory shaped by pre-existing beliefs (e.g., Hastorf and Cantril).

    • Misinformation Effect: Post-event information alters memory accuracy (Loftus & Palmer).

    • Weapon Focus: Attention narrows on significant objects (Biggs et al., 2013).

  • Identification Challenges:

    • Unconscious transference and other-race effects influence eyewitness reliability.

    • Importance of lineup structure (simultaneous vs sequential).

    • Cognitive Interview techniques enhance recall by mentally reinstating context.

Memory Failures

False Memory

  • Examples:

    • Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm shows associative memory errors.

    • Misleading information creates false memories.

Amnesia

  • Types:

    • Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of past memories.

    • Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.

  • Conditions Leading to Amnesia: Trauma, medications, infections, and significant illnesses.

Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Types of Dementia include Vascular and Alzheimer’s.

  • Alzheimer’s: Characterized by neurodegeneration and episodic memory loss. Treatments focus on managing symptoms (e.g., acetylcholine inhibitors).

Improving Memory

Techniques:

  • Distinctiveness: Use unique associations (e.g., von Restorff effect).

  • Mnemonics: Like pegword systems and method of loci to enhance recall.

  • Testing Effect: Retrieval practice enhances memory retention (Roediger & Karpicke).

  • Studying Methods: SQ3R strategy, concept maps, and imagery for deeper cognitive processing.

  • Traits of Memory Experts: Differences in brain activity and exceptional strategies for memory improvement.