Topics Covered:
Everyday Memory
Autobiographical Memory
Prospective Memory
Eyewitness Memory
Memory Failures
False Memory
Amnesia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Improving Memory
Main Text: Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2020). Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook (8th ed.). Psychology Press. Chapters 8, 6-7.
Additional Reading: Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2015). Memory (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. Chapters 11-13, 16-17.
Components:
Central Executive: Oversees and coordinates
Slave Systems:
Episodic Buffer: Integrates information from different sources
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad: Manages visual and spatial information
Phonological Loop: Processes auditory information, including speech
Types of Long-term Memory:
Declarative (Explicit):
Episodic: Events and experiences from one’s life
Semantic: Facts and knowledge about the world
Non-Declarative (Implicit):
Procedural: Skills and tasks
Priming: Exposure to one stimulus influences response to another
Autobiographical Memory:
Involves self-related events, distinct from episodic memory, may include semantic memory.
Contains unique phenomena such as:
Flashbulb Memories: Detailed recollections of significant events (Brown & Kulik, 1977).
Childhood Amnesia: Few memories from before age 3.
Reminiscence Bump: Enhanced recall from adolescence and early adulthood.
Characteristics:
Vividness, detail, longevity
Perceived as more accurate but can be distorted
Example Study: Pezdek (2003) and 9/11 post-event recall.
Few memories before age 3.
Theories:
Two-stage theory:
Absolute and relative amnesia based on age and cognitive development.
Neurogenic hypothesis emphasizes the role of developing Hippocampus.
Peak memories from the ages of 10 to 30, influenced by life scripting and cultural expectations.
Definition: Remembering to perform intended actions in the future.
Model Process:
Intention Formation, Retention, Monitoring for Cues, Retrieval, and Execution.
Types:
Event-based: Easier with external cues.
Time-based: Organized around timed actions.
Issues with Prospective Memory: Context, stress effects, and mental health.
Influences:
Confirmation Bias: Memory shaped by pre-existing beliefs (e.g., Hastorf and Cantril).
Misinformation Effect: Post-event information alters memory accuracy (Loftus & Palmer).
Weapon Focus: Attention narrows on significant objects (Biggs et al., 2013).
Identification Challenges:
Unconscious transference and other-race effects influence eyewitness reliability.
Importance of lineup structure (simultaneous vs sequential).
Cognitive Interview techniques enhance recall by mentally reinstating context.
Examples:
Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm shows associative memory errors.
Misleading information creates false memories.
Types:
Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of past memories.
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
Conditions Leading to Amnesia: Trauma, medications, infections, and significant illnesses.
Types of Dementia include Vascular and Alzheimer’s.
Alzheimer’s: Characterized by neurodegeneration and episodic memory loss. Treatments focus on managing symptoms (e.g., acetylcholine inhibitors).
Distinctiveness: Use unique associations (e.g., von Restorff effect).
Mnemonics: Like pegword systems and method of loci to enhance recall.
Testing Effect: Retrieval practice enhances memory retention (Roediger & Karpicke).
Studying Methods: SQ3R strategy, concept maps, and imagery for deeper cognitive processing.
Traits of Memory Experts: Differences in brain activity and exceptional strategies for memory improvement.
PSY08101 Applied Memory 24-25 - Copy
Topics Covered:
Everyday Memory
Autobiographical Memory
Prospective Memory
Eyewitness Memory
Memory Failures
False Memory
Amnesia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Improving Memory
Main Text: Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2020). Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook (8th ed.). Psychology Press. Chapters 8, 6-7.
Additional Reading: Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2015). Memory (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. Chapters 11-13, 16-17.
Components:
Central Executive: Oversees and coordinates
Slave Systems:
Episodic Buffer: Integrates information from different sources
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad: Manages visual and spatial information
Phonological Loop: Processes auditory information, including speech
Types of Long-term Memory:
Declarative (Explicit):
Episodic: Events and experiences from one’s life
Semantic: Facts and knowledge about the world
Non-Declarative (Implicit):
Procedural: Skills and tasks
Priming: Exposure to one stimulus influences response to another
Autobiographical Memory:
Involves self-related events, distinct from episodic memory, may include semantic memory.
Contains unique phenomena such as:
Flashbulb Memories: Detailed recollections of significant events (Brown & Kulik, 1977).
Childhood Amnesia: Few memories from before age 3.
Reminiscence Bump: Enhanced recall from adolescence and early adulthood.
Characteristics:
Vividness, detail, longevity
Perceived as more accurate but can be distorted
Example Study: Pezdek (2003) and 9/11 post-event recall.
Few memories before age 3.
Theories:
Two-stage theory:
Absolute and relative amnesia based on age and cognitive development.
Neurogenic hypothesis emphasizes the role of developing Hippocampus.
Peak memories from the ages of 10 to 30, influenced by life scripting and cultural expectations.
Definition: Remembering to perform intended actions in the future.
Model Process:
Intention Formation, Retention, Monitoring for Cues, Retrieval, and Execution.
Types:
Event-based: Easier with external cues.
Time-based: Organized around timed actions.
Issues with Prospective Memory: Context, stress effects, and mental health.
Influences:
Confirmation Bias: Memory shaped by pre-existing beliefs (e.g., Hastorf and Cantril).
Misinformation Effect: Post-event information alters memory accuracy (Loftus & Palmer).
Weapon Focus: Attention narrows on significant objects (Biggs et al., 2013).
Identification Challenges:
Unconscious transference and other-race effects influence eyewitness reliability.
Importance of lineup structure (simultaneous vs sequential).
Cognitive Interview techniques enhance recall by mentally reinstating context.
Examples:
Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm shows associative memory errors.
Misleading information creates false memories.
Types:
Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of past memories.
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
Conditions Leading to Amnesia: Trauma, medications, infections, and significant illnesses.
Types of Dementia include Vascular and Alzheimer’s.
Alzheimer’s: Characterized by neurodegeneration and episodic memory loss. Treatments focus on managing symptoms (e.g., acetylcholine inhibitors).
Distinctiveness: Use unique associations (e.g., von Restorff effect).
Mnemonics: Like pegword systems and method of loci to enhance recall.
Testing Effect: Retrieval practice enhances memory retention (Roediger & Karpicke).
Studying Methods: SQ3R strategy, concept maps, and imagery for deeper cognitive processing.
Traits of Memory Experts: Differences in brain activity and exceptional strategies for memory improvement.