AP Human Geography Vocabulary

A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically a country or region of the world).
It typically takes the form of a pyramid when the population is growing.
Males and females are usually shown separately.
Population pyramids provide insights into the age and sex structure of a population and indicate the potential for future growth or decline.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intent of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.
Migration can be internal (within a country) or international (between countries).
It is influenced by push factors (reasons to leave a place, such as unemployment or conflict) and pull factors (reasons to go to a place, such as job opportunities or better living conditions).

The cultural landscape is the imprint of human activity and culture on the physical environment.
It includes the built environment (buildings, roads, etc.) and the modifications to the natural environment (farms, parks, etc.).
Cultural landscapes reflect the values, beliefs, and practices of a culture.

Demographic refers to the characteristics of a human population, such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, income, education, and occupation.
Demographics are used to study population trends and patterns.
Demographic data is essential for governments, businesses, and organizations to make informed decisions.

The demographic transition model (DTM) is a model that describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
The DTM consists of four or five stages:
- Stage 1: High birth and death rates, low population growth.
- Stage 2: High birth rates, declining death rates, rapid population growth.
- Stage 3: Declining birth rates, low death rates, slower population growth.
- Stage 4: Low birth and death rates, stable or declining population.
- Stage 5: (Some models) Death rates may exceed birth rates, leading to population decline.

Devolution is the transfer of power from a central government to regional or local governments.
It can be driven by factors such as ethnic or cultural differences, economic disparities, or separatist movements.
Devolution can lead to greater autonomy for regions and increased responsiveness to local needs.

Culture is the shared set of beliefs, values, practices, and material objects that characterize a group of people.
It includes language, religion, ethnicity, customs, and traditions.
Culture is dynamic and changes over time.

The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year.
It is an indicator of the overall health and well-being of a population.
IMR is influenced by factors such as access to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and education.

Site refers to the physical characteristics of a place, such as its absolute location, landforms, climate, soil, and vegetation.
Site factors can influence the suitability of a location for human settlement and economic activities.
Site is often contrasted with situation, which refers to the relative location of a place in relation to other places.

The Green Revolution was a period of agricultural innovation and increased food production that began in the 1960s.
It involved the development of high-yielding crop varieties, the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and the expansion of irrigation.
The Green Revolution helped to increase food security in many parts of the world, but it also had negative environmental impacts.

Mortality rate is the number of deaths in a given population during a specific period, usually one year.
It is typically expressed as deaths per 1,000 people per year.
$Mortality\ Rate = \frac{Number\ of\ Deaths}{Total\ Population} * 1000$
Mortality rate is influenced by factors such as age, sex, disease, and access to healthcare.

Fertility rate is the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years.
It is a key indicator of population growth.
$Fertility\ Rate = \frac{Number\ of\ Births}{Number\ of\ Women\ Ages\ 15-44} * 1000$
Fertility rate is influenced by factors such as education, economic development, access to contraception, and cultural norms.

Sustainability is the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
It involves balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations.
Sustainable development seeks to promote economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

In geography, the periphery refers to countries that are less developed and have lower levels of economic and political power.
Periphery countries are often dependent on core countries for trade, investment, and technology.
The periphery is often exploited for its resources and labor by core countries.