EXAM #1


  • What is Science?

  • What is Biology?

  • What is Anatomy and Physiology?

  • What is the FIRST rule of A&P?




SCIENCE: the systematic evidence-based study of the physical world through observation, experimentation and measurement.


Side note: Physical refers to everything in the natural universe that exists as matter or energy and can be detected, observed, or measured— directly or through instruments"



BIOLOGY: the scientific study of life and living organisms



ANATOMY: study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.


PHYSIOLOGY: study of the function of body parts and how they work together to carry out life-sustaining activities.



The first rule of A&P is that Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable. You cannot have one without the other.



And function always reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form.





STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY:


Human body is very organized on many levels, largest to smallest:


Atoms

Picture of an Atom


Molecules

Picture of a Molecule


Organelles


Cells


Tissues


Organs


Organ System


Organism



REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFE


  • Maintaining Boundaries

  • Movement

  • Responsiveness

  • Digestion

  • Metabolism

  • Excretion

  • Reproduction

  • Growth



  1. Maintaining Boundaries


  • Separation between external and internal environments must exist.

  • Plasma membranes separate cells

  • Skin separates organism from environment



  1. Movement


  • Muscular system allows movement

  • Of body parts (VIA skeletal muscles)

  • Of substances (VIA cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion & urination)


  1. Responsiveness


  • Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

  • Withdrawal reflex prevents injury

  • Control of breathing rate


  1. Digestion


  • Breakdown of digested foodstuff, followed by absorption of simple molecules into the blood.


  1. Metabolism


  • All chemical reactions that occur in body cells:

  • Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)


  1. Excretion


  • Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

  • Urea (from breakdown of proteins)

  • Carbon Dioxide (from metabolism)

  • Feces (Unabsorbed food)


  1. Reproduction


  • At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair.

  • At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring.


  1. Growth

  • Increase in size of a body part or of an organism



Integumentary System


Forms the external body covering, and protects tissues from injury. Synthesizes Vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands.


Skeletal System


Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.


Muscular System


Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat.


Nervous System

  • Fast acting

  • Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands


Endocrine System

  • Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, repoduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.


Cardiovascular System


Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes.

  • The heart pumps blood.