Andrew Jackson Ch. 13

Jacksonian Democracy

Overview

Jacksonian Democracy was a political movement during the early 19th century that emphasized the importance of universal manhood suffrage and the idea of the common man in governance.

Key Components

  • Universal Manhood Suffrage: This principle expanded voting rights to all white men, irrespective of property ownership. Vermont became the first state to grant this right widely.

  • Changing Officeholdings: With the shift in voting rights, many officeholders were no longer required to own land, leading to a more diverse group of new leaders, including frontiersmen like Davy Crockett and war heroes such as Andrew Jackson himself.

  • New Political Strategies: Campaigning adapted new styles, including the use of banners, badges, and public appearances (often referred to as “baby-kissing”), which contributed to increased voter turnout. This approach aimed to foster direct engagement with the electorate.

Political Contextt

  • John Quincy Adams: His presidency was marked by the controversial “corrupt bargain” of 1824 and the unpopular Tariff of Abominations, which sparked outrage in southern states reliant on imports.

    • Nullification Crisis: John C. Calhoun proposed nullification, suggesting that states could declare federal laws void. His ideas initiated important debates over states' rights versus federal authority.

  • Election of 1828: The election was characterized by vicious mud-slinging, ultimately resulting in Jackson's victory symbolizing a transfer of power from the elitist “snobs” to the populist “mobs.”

  • Spoils System: Jackson implemented the spoils system, rewarding loyal supporters with government positions. His official cabinet was often overshadowed by a “kitchen cabinet” of advisors.

  • Indian Removal Policy: Jackson advocated for the relocation of Native American tribes beyond the Mississippi River, framing it as a way to preserve their way of life. This led to the tragic Trail of Tears, causing the deaths of thousands of Native Americans.

  • Economic Concerns: Jackson's presidency also faced economic turmoil due to his opposition to the Bank of the United States. His removal of federal deposits led to financial instability and panic by 1836. The Specie Circular, mandating gold or silver for land purchases, further destabilized the economy, worsening the situation.