Genetics Bio

🧬 GENETICS TERMS

Q: What is a gene?
A: A piece of DNA that controls a trait.

Q: What is an allele?
A: A version of a gene (like tall or short).

Q: What is a genotype?
A: The genetic makeup (TT, Tt, or tt).

Q: What is a phenotype?
A: The physical traits you see.

Q: What does dominant mean?
A: A trait that always shows up if present.

Q: What does recessive mean?
A: A trait that is hidden by a dominant one.

Q: What does homozygous mean?
A: Two of the same alleles (TT or tt).

Q: What does heterozygous mean?
A: Two different alleles (Tt).

🌱 MENDEL & INHERITANCE

Q: Who is the father of genetics?
A: Gregor Mendel.

Q: What is a parental cross?
A: A cross between two pure (homozygous) parents.

Q: What is the F1 generation?
A: The first generation of offspring.

Q: What is the F2 generation?
A: The second generation of offspring.

Q: What is the law of independent assortment?
A: Genes for different traits are inherited separately.

🔁 TYPES OF INHERITANCE

Q: What is incomplete dominance?
A: Traits blend (red + white = pink).

Q: What is codominance?
A: Both traits show up (black + white = speckled).

Q: What are multiple alleles?
A: More than two allele options (like A, B, O for blood).

Q: What is a polygenic trait?
A: A trait controlled by more than one gene.

Q: What is a sex-linked trait?
A: A gene on the X or Y chromosome.

🧪 GENETICS TOOLS

Q: What is a Punnett square?
A: A chart to show possible offspring traits.

Q: What is a pedigree?
A: A chart that shows how traits are passed through a family.

Q: What is a karyotype?
A: A picture of all a person’s chromosomes.

Q: What is amniocentesis?
A: A test that checks a baby’s genes before birth.

🩸 BLOOD TYPES

Q: What blood type is the universal donor?
A: Type O.

Q: What blood type is the universal recipient?
A: Type AB.

Q: What blood type has A antigens and anti-B antibodies?
A: Type A.

Q: What blood type has B antigens and anti-A antibodies?
A: Type B.

Q: What blood type has no antigens?
A: Type O.

Q: What blood type has no antibodies?
A: Type AB.

Q: What are the dominant blood alleles?
A: A and B.

Q: What blood alleles are codominant?
A: A and B.

Q: How many blood alleles are there?
A: Three (A, B, O).

Q: How many blood phenotypes are there?
A: Four (A, B, AB, O).

⚠ GENETIC DISORDERS

Q: What is albinism?
A: Lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes.

Q: What is cystic fibrosis?
A: A disorder that affects lungs and digestion.

Q: What is color blindness?
A: Can’t see certain colors (X-linked).

Q: What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
A: Muscle weakness (X-linked).

Q: What is hemophilia?
A: Blood doesn't clot properly (X-linked).

Q: What is Huntington’s disease?
A: Brain cells break down; shows in adulthood (dominant).

Q: What is PKU?
A: Can’t break down a certain protein; can cause brain issues.

Q: What is sickle cell anemia?
A: Red blood cells are sickle-shaped and carry less oxygen.