Telecommunication Engineering Principles Notes
Page 1: Introduction to Telecommunication
- Course: KNL 2103 - Telecommunication Engineering Principles
- Focus on fundamental principles of telecommunication systems.
Page 2: Communication Basics
- Key question: How to send data/information to someone far away?
- Examples include sending voice through technology.
- Important to understand available technologies and sources for communication.
Page 3: Terminology
Communication: Sharing information.
Telecommunication: Communication at a distance.
Data Communication: Exchange of facts, concepts, and instructions agreed upon by communicators.
Examples:
- Local: within the same building.
- Remote: communicating devices farther away.
Page 4: Technology Trends (2016)
- Fiber Everywhere: Moving towards 100/400G hardware deployments.
- Connectivity for IoT & IoE: Expectation of 50 billion connected devices by 2020 (Cisco).
- Molecular Communications: Use of biological molecules for information transfer.
- Green Communication: Focus on energy management and performance KPIs.
Page 5: Elements of a Communication System
- Transmission
- Receiving
- Processing
Functional Components:
- Transmitter, Transmission Medium (Channel), Receiver.
Notation:
- Input: $s(t)$ (signal), Output: $r(t)$ (resulting signal), Noise: $n(t)$.
Page 6: Communication System Elements
Functions Explained:
- Input Source: Converts signals (e.g., microphone).
- Transmitter: Converts messages for transmission using modulation (e.g., $m{tx}(t) o p{tx}(t)$).
- Transmission Medium: Carries modulated signal (e.g., coaxial or fiber optic).
- Receiver: Receives and demodulates signal ($p{rx}(t) o m{rx}(t)$).
- Output Transducer: Converts signals to original form (e.g., loudspeaker).
Page 7: Types of Transmission Medium
- Wired: Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber Optic.
- Wireless: Electromagnetic waves used for transmission.
Page 8: Twisted Pair Cables
- Common in telephone systems.
- Transmits both analog/digital signals.
- Bandwidth depends on wire thickness and distance.
- Types: Shielded (STP), Unshielded (UTP).
Page 9: Coaxial Cables
- Better shielding than twisted pair.
- Used for longer distances and higher speeds (cable TV, metropolitan networks).
- Single point of failure can collapse the network.
Page 10: Fiber Optic
- Composed of pure glass (silica).
- Facilitates networking and modulated light transmission.
- Expensive but immune to electromagnetic interference.
- Supports higher data rates.
Page 11: Wireless Transmission
- Data transmitted without physical connections.
- Uses electromagnetic waves (e.g., microwaves, satellites, cellular telephones).
Page 12: Types of Signal
Signal Classes:
- Continuous-Time vs. Discrete-Time
- Analog vs. Digital
- Periodic vs. Aperiodic
Examples:
- Periodic: Sinusoidal signals
- Aperiodic: Based on unique pulses.
Page 13: Classification of Signals
Analog Continuous-Time
Digital Continuous-Time
Analog Discrete-Time
Digital Discrete-Time
Visual representation: Graphs illustrating different signal types.
Page 14: Transmission Types
- Simplex: One-way transmission.
- Half-Duplex: Two-way transmission; one person transmits at a time (e.g., walkie-talkies).
- Full-Duplex: Simultaneous two-way transmission, both can communicate at once.
Page 15: Electromagnetic Wave and Energy
- Information is transferred as electromagnetic energy.
Page 16: Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Total range of frequencies/wavelengths in communication.
- Divided into bands assigned by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) for interference avoidance.
Page 17: Spectrum Graphic Representation
- Visual representation of wavelengths, frequency allocations, and examples of each band (radio waves, microwaves, etc.).
Page 18: Radio and Microwave Bands
- Overview of different bands, their frequency ranges, wavelength, and applications (e.g., VLF, LF, MF, HF, UHF, SHF).
Page 19: Electromagnetic Wave Terms
- Wavelength: Distance between wave peaks.
- Velocity: Speed of energy travel through different media (light speed in vacuum: $c = 3 imes 10^8 m/s$).
- Frequency: Oscillations per second.
- Wave Equation: Relationship between velocity $(v)$, wavelength $( ext{λ})$, and frequency $(f)$.
Page 20: Wavelength Analysis
- Length scales for various electromagnetic radiations (Gamma rays, X-rays, visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves).
Page 21: Wavelength Comparison
- Info on comparing shorter and longer wavelengths and implications.
Page 22: Wavelength Calculation
Formula: $λ = c / f$
Where:
$λ$ = wavelength (meters),
$c$ = speed of light ($3 imes 10^8$ m/s),
$f$ = frequency (hertz).
Page 23: Propagation Velocity
Speeds in different mediums (air: 95-98% of $c$, wire: 60-85% of $c$).
Practice Problems: Various calculation examples with frequency and wavelength.
Page 24: Bandwidth and Information Capacity
Bandwidth (B): Range of frequencies used to convey a signal.
Information Capacity (C): Depends on bandwidth, signal power, and noise.
Equations:
- Shannon's equation: $C = B ext{ log}_2(1 + S/N)$
- Hartley’s equation: $C = B imes t$,
- where $C$ = information capacity, $B$ = system bandwidth, $S/N$ = signal-to-noise power ratio (unitless).
Page 25 to 28: Example Calculations
Practical examples demonstrating how to apply the formulas from bandwidth and information capacity sections.
Examples: Include calculations for given signal power, noise power, and resulting channel capacity.
Page 29: Next Chapter
- Chapter 2: Noise
- Continuation of studies in KNL 2103: Telecommunication Engineering Principles.