Philosophy Final Review

Philosophy Fing

Immanuel Kant

• good will i someone who chooses wl free will to oney catcyorical imperative on basis of morality

• 3 possible motives of actions:

• Inclination-smt you like; get pleasure out of it

• self- interest - get benefit out of it

• duty-subject obeys moral law

* objectimoral law

• subject: one doing smt

• categorical imperative: moral law (absolute should da)

• hypothetical imperative: conditionalex: if I want to be Strong, work) action done from duty: not stealing be its wrong: morally action dane in accordance w/ duty: not stealing be of getting in trouble

• Using good will in the best way wl best intentions → outcome doesn't change if your good or bad (Kant vew)

• read kants quotes pg 22
  Bentham "Utilitarianism"

• 3 foundational principles: results matter, opposite of kant

• Hedonist Principles pleasure is only good, pain is only evil

• Consequentionalist: when u do an action/pass a law the results that occurr what determine rights wrong

• Principle of Extent: majority of ppl that it affects

• Overall: rigntness of an action depends on it contribution to the happiness (pleasure) of the majority of pol affected by it

• 2 concepts of pleasure:

• Bentham: same as happiness, no different types of pleasure

• Mills: dog ex-human pleasure doesn't closely compare to a dog's

• either view pleasure istheonly good

like

scale

• 2 dimensions of ethical theories:

• descriptive: the part that describes how we are, humans hardwired to only want pleasure & not pain

• normative: the moral part, based on moral calculus

• Moral Calculus:

• Intensity-how painful/ pleasureful it is

• Duration -how long/short its gonna last

• Certainty-how positive you are abt pleasure or pain

• Propinquity-how close its gonna hoppen

• Fecundity -is it gonna be one or multiple times

• Purity - Is pleasure gonna be mixed w/ pain or no

• Extent-now far/wide lamt of people affected

• view of community - "a view from nowhere" to avard favoritism
  that skews the moral calculus scale

• Some critiques:

• Futurology: not possible, cart predict the future

*Benthom arques: moral calculus can help make decison & no god, no moral absolutes, humans are elite race be of evolution, he is an atheist

- read Bentham quotes pa 27 :

Lying

• 3 truth theories:

• Consensus-proposition is true all majority ppi believe it

• Coherence-proposition is true it can be argued logically

• Correspondence-proposition is trve it matches with reality

• Morality of human acts:

• Object: action itself (lying)

• Intention: reason why your doing sint; hoping and result

• circumstances: outside factors

• Moral Becoming:

• Socrates-better to suffer injustance

• Thrasumacus-better to commit injustice

• 2 parts of direct lie:

• doesn't correspond wl reality

• Intention to deceive

• 4 reasons why lying is wrong.

• vislation of reality

1. violation of another person

2. violation of yourself

3. violation of the communion of person (universal law)

Arostotle

• Eudarmonia: final/end goal /happuness

• happiness: not pleasure, feeling of happiness (emotion)

• complete well-being: having an ordered soul is happiness

• 4 types of people (ex. of judge):

• virtuous: not tempted

• continent: little tempted, but resists

• incontinent: tempted, gives in

• VICIoUs: does bad things, on purpose

• Individual acts or habits/ vIrtues& vices:

• the more you do, easier to do it (ex. piano player)

• more good you do, more virtuous you are

• pick actions, more virtuous action overtime will make you virtuous

• 4 causes:

• officent: by which thing is made

' material: out of which its made

• formol: into what its made

• final: why it was made / purpose

→ relate to

Eudaimonia

- 3 parts of soul:

horse 1* courage: sticks w/reason, Strong,

Charrot driver

* reason:

against temptation, ordered soul

horse 2* alletite: against reason, weak, gives

in temptation, unordered soul

• ordered soul: we can train our appetite (and horse) to want what's good
  or speak in tune w/ virtue

• disordered soul: when person lets their appetite takeover their courage & doesn't lead to happiness

• Telos: end/goal/purpose

• goal: happiness (not pleasure)

• means → end

• mean canturn into end, but happiness is the final goal telos

• If it wasn't all our goals would be for nothing be there's no final goal

• Political Suence:

• one of key ways to understand happiness

• political scientists try to create true common good to make a society where individuals can achieve happiness & goodness

• Contested good - goods which when we use/
  participate in them, they diminish, makes pol compete be theres only a

K

certain amt

• Individual good - your own true happiness

• Common good- a good when we use/participate in them theres more (ex. Knowledge)

• goes w) political science be all the features of a society that work together to help each other make other ppi flourish, in ways they couldnit do alone (burlding a house)

(a university)

Ethics & Political Science:

• both have aspects of variable & invariable

Variable aspects of knowledge: changeable

Invariabk aspects of knowledge: inchangeable (math)

• have both be if a gov. is corrupt it con change, but If it's not its invariable/nonchangable

Highest good is happiness/Eudarmonia

• certain way to raise children that will naturally have moral customs

Real happiness: virtue, law, good upbringing, knowiedge, mocks

• 4 lifes:

• Gratification - Slave to their pleasures, vulgar

• Public& Political Affairs- going Into poly sui for the

wrong reasons

[stucy] • Contemplative life-part of trve happiness, knowiedge: knowing

for the sake of knowmg

• Pursuit of wealth - forcedon a person, not chosen

• None of these a are the ultimate goal of life 2 tupes of Reason According to Reason:

• Non-rational: all living beings have, nutrative

power of the soul, like steeping, not thinking abt actions

Soul 2 parts

appetite - fights against reason, thinkin abt it, with reason a little

XUS

Rational: reason & spirit

part'that wants to do right

- Read pg 41

Intellectual Virtues -just Knowing abt smt/head Knowledge

•person knowedgable abt virtues can still choose non-virtvous actions

moral virtues -neing virtuous/having the virtues

• practicing virtuous actions, physically virtuous in SOUl

• every excess has defect & excess
  Deficiency

Mean/ Virtue

- refuses every pleasure

self-restraint

-cowardice

courage

Exeess

indulgance reckless

• want to aim for the mean

• everyone is somewhat on deficiency, mean, or excess

• If you are on deficiency, aim for excess to reach the mean

• Pleasure and pain relating to moral virtue & vice:

• a virtuous person will feel pain when someone offers a bribe

• virtuous people get pleasure when people do the virtuous thing, one you feel that way, you are finally virtoous

• Virtve can be taught intellectually (ppl can pass an exam on it), put moral virtues can't be taught, you need to physically do the virtuous action to be morally virtwos

• Emotions - not in your control, come e go (anger, sadness)

• capacities-just smt your born wl, leyesight, free will)

* - Acquired Disposition -haveto practice to get a character trait, work

for it

Arete= Excellence/excellence

• Acquired disposition relates to virtue be you can work to be vIrtuous

Natural law & Positive Law

• law: main purpose to help citizens be virtuous

• just be a law is there doesn't mean it's virtuous

• virtuous to obey just laws& to disobey unjust laws

• just law: aligns w/ moralitys natural law of God, uplifts human personality

• Unjust law; out of harmony w/ moral law, man-made law, degrades human personality

• natural law

• moral law

we know difference swn right & wong

• law of god

non-religously, jost knowing common sense

• eternal law

- Martın Luther King: it was okay to disobey the law bc it

29

45

was unjust to have segregation, to know the difference but unjust&just, just alians wi moral law, unjust feek wrongw) commonsense

Culpabllty /Responsbility

• Voluntary Action: free

• Involuntary Action: not free, forced, acting on compulsion/gnorance,
  temptation plays a role, but can't blame it on temptation

• Deliberation: thinking smt through before making your choice

*cant deliberate abt things that are set (math, or things that change consistently (sun rising), or things that vary constant (doughts), or things of chance (Finding treasure)

•deliberate abt those that are capable of being accomplyne ,abt only what that person can accomplisned, now to properly do smt, deliberate abt how to get to telos (means), but not what telas is

рд 51

Chores: Closely connected to virtuel judge ppis character

• Choice is voluntary, appetite, spirit, wish, bellet. Is

• anımals children don't make voluntary choices

• anger& appetite not voluntary

• not concerned w/pleasurer pain or wish be its not abt what is impossible, or belief

• Only choose things in your power

• Choice is voluntary, involves reason

• can't choose our beliefs be they're Fixed

Can ppl do bad things on purpose?:

• Good vs. Aparent Good
  → • scems good, but actually ishit

• learned from experience

• were responsible for poordecisions ba in control of our characters, we take blame

• If we weren't responsible there would be no difference stun capacities (born wl) 8 aquired dispositions, then sight would be a virtue

• actions lead to character traits

• Ex. someone w/ iver disease we feel compassion for , but someone who drank there we don't be it's their fault

Viktor Frankl: man who was doctor in Nazi concentration

camp as prisoner, had the chance to escape, but he chose not to (conscience)

• conscience of diff people can tell them to choose differently depencing of the situation

• even tho he was prisoner, he had free will

• Kant Pov: he made correct choke no he felt a huge relief when staying, he knew people needed his help, he achieved virtue