Nationalism and Patriotism Notes

Nationalism

An ideology and movement focused on promoting the interests of a particular nation, especially its sovereignty.
A nation should be self-regulating without external intervention.
The nation is seen as a natural and ideal political foundation and the only legitimate source of political authority.
Emphasizes loyalty to the country.
Aims to establish and maintain a unified national identity based on shared culture, language, religion, politics, and history.
Seeks to preserve traditional culture and foster pride in national achievements.
Strongly associated with patriotism.
Often combined with other ideologies like conservatism or socialism.

Based on shared ethnicity, descent, culture, and language.
The nation is hereditary.
The state's legitimacy comes from its role as the ethnic group's homeland and its duty to protect and promote the group.
Anthony D. Smith uses "ethnic nationalism" for non-Western concepts of nationalism.
"Ethnonationalism" is used for explicit ideologies, while "ethnic nationalism" is used for informal views.
"Ethnocentric nationalism" or "tribal nationalism" are pejorative terms, though "tribal nationalism" can be non-pejorative in certain contexts.

The state's legitimacy comes from citizen involvement and reflecting the "will of the individual."
Rooted in rationalism and liberalism.
Membership is voluntary.
Influenced the growth of representative democracy in nations like the United States and France.

A version of civic nationalism, often paired with ethnic nationalism.
The country is a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and strength.
Individuals exist to contribute to the state's objectives.
Can lead to fascism, characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism.

A radical form of imperialism combining patriotic feelings with expansionism, often through military aggression.
Coined in the late 19th century during the "Scramble for Africa."
Associated with military governments in the 20th century like Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan.
Believes some nations are superior and have the right to expand at the expense of their neighbors.

Also known as organic nationalism or identity nationalism.
The state's legitimacy comes from the nation's natural expression.
Based on a historical ethnic culture meeting a romantic ideal.
Expresses Romanticism's values and opposes the rationalism of the Enlightenment.
Emphasizes folklore.

The country is defined by shared culture, not just civic or ethnic factors.
Membership is neither fully voluntary nor hereditary.
A traditional culture can be integrated into people's lives, especially early in life (Conversi, 2008).
Defined as a variety of non-civic or ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999).

Nationalist feelings arise from opposition to colonial rule to maintain domestic identity.
"Third World" is an outdated term for economically developing nations, falling behind First and Second Worlds but ahead of Fourth World.
Preferred terms: developing nation, underdeveloped country, or low- and middle-income country (LMIC).

Defended by political philosophers as a non-xenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values.
Asserts that people need national identity for a meaningful life and that liberal democracies need domestic identity to function correctly.
Values liberty, tolerance, equality, and individual rights (Tamir, 1993; Kymlicka, 1995; Miller 1995).
Ernest Renan and John Stuart Mill are considered early liberal nationalists.

Connects nationalism to a specific religious faith or affiliation.
Shared religion contributes to domestic unity and a mutual bond.
Involves the politicization of religion and religion's effects on politics.
Religion can support national identity and inspire political activism (Juergensmeyer, 1996).

Ethnic or cultural nationalism referring to a country as a cluster of associated ethnic and cultural communities.

Nationalist sentiment among an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homeland.

A political term, mainly used in Europe, describing a version of conservatism focused on domestic interests without being unduly nationalist or far-right.

An ideological theory advocating for domestic groups united by shared intent and destiny.
Promoted by Benito Mussolini.
An intellectual synthesis of "radical nationalism and dissident society" in France and Italy in the early 20th century.

Combines left-wing politics or socialism with nationalism.
Examples include Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement, Ireland's Sinn Fein, Israel's Labor Zionism, and the African National Congress.