Ch-5: Union and its Territory 🇮🇳
📌 Introduction
Sabse pehle book mein likha hai ki Articles 1 to 4 — ye sab Part-I of the Constitution ke under aate hain, aur ye sab Union aur uske Territory se deal karte hain.
Matlab — India ka naam kya hai, uski territory kya hai, naye states kaise bante hain — yeh sab Part-I mein cover hota hai.
📌 UNION OF STATES — Article 1
🔹 India = "Union of States" — Federation of States kyun nahi?
Article 1 India ko — yaani Bharat ko — ek 'Union of States' describe karta hai, na ki 'Federation of States'.
Yeh provision do cheezein deal karti hai:
Desh ka naam kya hoga
Polity ka type — yaani shaasan ka dhang kya hoga
🔹 Desh ke Naam par Vivad — Constituent Assembly mein
Constituent Assembly mein naam ko lekar ek-rai (unanimity) nahi thi:
Kuch members chahte the ki traditional naam "Bharat" rakha jaaye
Kuch chahte the ki modern naam "India" rakha jaaye
Isliye Constituent Assembly ne dono ka mix adopt kiya:
"India, that is, Bharat"
🔹 "Union" kyun kaha — "Federation" kyun nahi? — Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ka explanation
Desh ko 'Union' kaha gaya hai, haalaanki Constitution ki structure federal hai.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar ne do reasons diye the ki 'Union of States' ko 'Federation of States' se prefer kyun kiya gaya:
Reason 1:
Indian Federation states ke beech kisi agreement (anukandhan) ka result nahi hai — jaise ki American Federation tha. Wahan states ne milkar federation banaya tha. India mein aisa nahi hua.
Reason 2:
States ko secede karne ka koi haq nahi hai — yaani koi bhi state Union se alag nahi ho sakta.
Isliye kaha gaya:
"The federation is a Union because it is indestructible"
Yeh federation ek aisi Union hai jo toot nahi sakti.
Aur ek aur important baat:
Desh ek integral whole hai — alag-alag states sirf administration ki suvidha ke liye bane hain, na ki koi alag existence rakhne ke liye.
🔹 Article 1 ke Tehat — India ki Territory ke 3 Categories
Article 1 ke according, India ki territory ko teen categories mein classify kiya ja sakta hai:
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Category
1
Territories of the States — States ki apni territories
2
Union Territories — Directly Centre ke under
3
Territories that may be acquired by the Government of India at any time — Bhavishya mein acquire ki jaane wali territories
🔹 States aur Union Territories ka Schedule
States aur Union Territories ke naam aur unki territorial extent (seema) — ye sab Constitution ke First Schedule mein mention hain.
Present mein:
28 States hain
9 Union Territories hain
🔹 States par Constitution ka application — General vs Special Provisions
Constitution ke provisions sabhi states par same manner se apply hote hain.
Lekin — kuch states ke liye special provisions hain jo Part XXI ke under aate hain. Ye states hain:
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunanchal Pradesh, Goa aur Karnataka
Inke liye special provisions general provisions ko override karte hain.
Aur iske alawa:
Fifth Schedule — Scheduled Areas ke administration ke liye
Sixth Schedule — Tribal Areas ke administration ke liye (states ke andar)
Dono schedules mein alag provisions hain.
🔹 "Territory of India" vs "Union of India" — Difference
Yeh ek important distinction hai:
Term
Kya include karta hai
Union of India
Sirf States
Territory of India
States + Union Territories + Future acquired territories
Isliye "Territory of India" ek wider (zyada broad) expression hai banisnbat(compared to) "Union of India" ke.
Kyun?
States → Federal system ke members hain → Centre ke saath powers share karte hain
Union Territories + Acquired Territories → Directly Central Government dwara administer hoti hain
🔹 India Foreign Territory kaise Acquire kar sakta hai?
India ek sovereign state hai, isliye woh international law ke recognised modes ke zariye foreign territories acquire kar sakta hai:
Mode
Matlab
Cession
Treaty, purchase, gift, lease ya plebiscite ke zariye
Occupation
Aisi jagah jo kisi recognised ruler ke under nahi thi
Conquest/Subjugation
Jeet ke zariye
Examples — India ne kaunsi foreign territories acquire ki:
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Goa, Daman and Diu
Puducherry
Sikkim
Ye sab Constitution ke commencement ke baad acquire hui thi. Inki details is chapter mein aage discuss ki gayi hain.
📌 Article 2 — Parliament ki Power: New States
Article 2 Parliament ko yeh power deta hai ki woh:
"admit into the Union of India, or establish, new states on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit"
Matlab Article 2 Parliament ko do powers deta hai:
Power
Matlab
(a) Admit new states
Jo states already exist karti hain unhe Union mein shamil karna
(b) Establish new states
Jo states pehle exist nahi karti thi unhe naye sir se banana
📌 Article 2 vs Article 3 — Important Distinction
Article
Kya deal karta hai
Article 2
Un states se jo Union of India ka hissa nahi hain — unka admission ya establishment
Article 3
Un states se jo already Union of India ka hissa hain — unmein formation ya changes
Matlab:
Article 2 = Bahari (external) — naye states jo Union ke bahar se aayein
Article 3 = Andar ki (internal) re-adjustment — existing states ki territories mein changes
Article 3 ko technically kaha jaata hai:
"Internal re-adjustment inter se of the territories of the constituent states of the Union of India"
(Inter se = "among themselves" — Latin term)
Parliament's Power to Reorganise the States 🏛
📌 Article 3 — Parliament ko Kya Powers Deta Hai?
Article 3 Parliament ko authorize karta hai ki woh yeh kaam kar sake:
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Power
(a)
Kisi bhi state ki territory se alag karke naya state banana — ya do ya zyada states/parts ko milaakar naya state banana — ya kisi territory ko kisi state ke hisse se jodkar naya state banana
(b)
Kisi bhi state ka area badhana
(c)
Kisi bhi state ka area ghatana
(d)
Kisi bhi state ki boundaries (seemaen) badalna
(e)
Kisi bhi state ka naam badalna
📌 Article 3 ki Do Conditions — Zaroori Shartein
Lekin Article 3 yeh bhi kehta hai ki yeh sab changes karne ke liye do conditions poori karni padti hain:
Condition 1:
Inme se koi bhi change karne wala Bill Parliament mein tab hi introduce ho sakta hai jab President ki prior recommendation ho — yaani pehle President ki ijaazat zaroor chahiye.
Condition 2:
Bill recommend karne se pehle, President us Bill ko concerned State Legislature ke paas bhejna zaroori hai — taaki State Legislature apna view (raay) ek specified period ke andar de sake.
📌 Kya Parliament State Legislature ki Raay maanne ke liye bound hai?
Nahi!
President (ya Parliament) State Legislature ki raay se bound nahi hai.
State Legislature ki raay accept bhi kar sakte hain ya reject bhi — chahe raay time par aayi ho ya na aayi ho.
Agar Parliament mein Bill ko amend (sanshodhan) kiya jaaye aur accept kar liya jaaye, toh baar baar State Legislature ke paas fresh reference bhejne ki zaroorat nahi hai.
📌 Union Territory ke Baare Mein Kya?
Agar koi Union Territory involved ho, toh concerned legislature ki raay lene ki koi zaroorat nahi — Parliament khud hi jo bhi action theek samjhe, le sakti hai.
📌 Nataija (Conclusion) — Parliament ki Supreme Power
Yahan ek bahut important conclusion nikalta hai:
Constitution Parliament ko yeh power deta hai ki woh existing states ki areas, boundaries ya naam — bina unki consent ke — badal sake.
Matlab Parliament India ka political map apni marzi se redraw kar sakti hai.
Isliye:
Kisi bhi state ki territorial integrity ya continued existence Constitution se guaranteed nahi hai.
Aur isiliye India ko describe kiya jaata hai as:
"An indestructible Union of destructible states"
(Ek aisi Union jo toot nahi sakti, lekin jiske states toot sakte hain)
Union Government → States ko khatam/badal kar sakti hai
State Governments → Union ko khatam nahi kar sakti
📌 India vs USA — Ek Important Comparison
Basis
India 🇮🇳
USA 🇺🇸
States ki territorial guarantee
Nahi — Constitution guarantee nahi karta
Haan — Constitution guarantee karta hai
Naye states banana
Parliament kar sakti hai bina states ki consent ke
Federal Government states ki consent ke bina nahi kar sakti
Description
"Indestructible Union of destructible states"
"Indestructible Union of indestructible states"
📌 Article 4 — Yeh Laws Amendment nahi Maane Jaate
Article 4 khud yeh declare karta hai ki:
Jo laws Article 2 (new states ka admission/establishment) aur Article 3 (states ki areas, boundaries, names mein changes) ke under bante hain — woh Article 368 ke under Constitution ka Amendment nahi maane jaayenge.
Iska matlab:
Aisi laws simple majority se pass ho sakti hain — ordinary legislative process se — koi special majority ki zaroorat nahi.
📌 Berubari Union Case — Supreme Court ka Important Ruling (1960)
Ek bahut important sawaal uthaa:
Kya Article 3 ke under Parliament ki yeh power (state ka area ghatana) — Indian territory ko kisi foreign country ko cede (de dena) karne ki power bhi include karti hai?
Background:
Central Government ne decide kiya ki Berubari Union (West Bengal ka ek hissa) Pakistan ko de diya jaaye (cede kiya jaaye).
Isse political agitation aur controversy macha.
Isliye President ne 1960 mein Supreme Court ke paas yeh sawaal reference kiya.
Supreme Court ka Decision:
Article 3 ke under Parliament ki power — Indian territory ko foreign country ko cede karne ki power cover nahi karti.
Yaani — agar India ko kisi foreign country ko apni territory deni ho, toh woh Article 3 se nahi ho sakta.
Iske liye Article 368 ke under Constitution ko amend karna padega — yaani Constitutional Amendment Act laana padega.
Nataija:
Isliye 9th Constitutional Amendment Act (1960) laaya gaya — jiske zariye Berubari Union territory Pakistan ko transfer ki gayi.
📌 1969 ka Supreme Court Ruling — Boundary Dispute ka Settlement
1969 mein Supreme Court ne ek aur important ruling di:
India aur kisi aur desh ke beech agar koi boundary dispute (seema vivad) ho, uska settlement — Constitutional Amendment ki zaroorat nahi rakhta.
Kyun?
Kyunki boundary dispute ke settlement mein Indian territory ka cession (dena) involve nahi hota — balki sirf seema ka tay karna hota hai.
Isliye yeh kaam executive action se ho sakta hai — yaani government apne faisale se yeh kar sakti hai, Parliament ko amendment laane ki zaroorat nahi.
Exchange of Territories with Bangladesh 🇮🇳🇧🇩
📌 100th Constitutional Amendment Act (2015) — Kya Tha Yeh?
100th Constitutional Amendment Act (2015) do cheezein accomplish karne ke liye laaya gaya:
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Kya hua
India ne kuch territories ACQUIRE kiin — yaani Bangladesh se India ko kuch territories mili
India ne kuch territories Bangladesh ko TRANSFER kiin — yaani India se Bangladesh ko kuch territories gayi
Dono agreement aur uske protocol ke pursuance mein hua — jo India aur Bangladesh ki governments ke beech enter hua tha.
Is deal ke under:
India ne Bangladesh ko → 111 enclaves transfer kiye
Bangladesh ne India ko → 51 enclaves transfer kiye
Sirf Enclaves hi Nahi — Teen Cheezein Aur Bhi:
Is deal mein teen aur cheezein bhi involved thi:
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Kya involve tha
Adverse possessions ka transfer — yaani woh zameen jo dono deshon mein "galat taraf" kaabiz thi
6.1 km undemarcated border stretch ki demarcation — yaani woh 6.1 km seema jahan abhi tak koi line nahi kheenchi gayi thi, use officially mark karna
Char(four) states ki territories se related provisions ko modify karna — Constitution ke First Schedule mein
Kaun se Char States?
Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya, aur Tripura
In charon states ke First Schedule mein likhi territories ko is amendment ne modify kiya.
📌 Is Amendment ki Background — Poori Kahani
Point 1 — India-Bangladesh Common Boundary aur Purani Problems
India aur Bangladesh ki common land boundary approximately 4096.7 km lambi hai.
India-East Pakistan land boundary pehle Radcliffe Award of 1947 ke zariye determine ki gayi thi.
Radcliffe Award ke kuch provisions ko lekar disputes (vivad) uthay.
In disputes ko suljhaane ki pehli koshish → Bagge Award of 1950 ke zariye ki gayi.
Doosri koshish → Nehru-Noon Agreement of 1958 ke zariye ki gayi.
Lekin Berubari Union ki division ka issue Supreme Court mein challenge ho gaya.
Supreme Court ki opinion ke baad → Parliament ne Constitution (9th Amendment) Act, 1960 pass kiya.
Lekin us waqt continuous litigation aur political developments ki wajah se — 9th Amendment Act ko former East Pakistan (yaani present Bangladesh) ki territories ke bare mein notify nahi kiya ja saka.
Point 2 — 1974 ka Agreement aur Protocol of 2011
16 May 1974 ko India aur Bangladesh ke beech ek Agreement sign hua — jiska subject tha:
♠Land boundary ki demarcation
♠Related matters ka solution dhundhna
Yeh Agreement ratify nahi ki gayi kyunki isme doosri cheezaon ke saath saath (inter alia) — territory ka transfer bhi involve tha — aur territory transfer ke liye Constitutional Amendment zaroori hoti hai.
Matlab sirf territory transfer hi ek akela issue nahi tha — aur bhi complex matters the — lekin khaaskar territory transfer wali baat ne Constitutional Amendment ko compulsory bana diya.
Iske baad teen aur issues identify kiye gaye jo resolve karne the:
Un-demarcated boundary ki demarcation — jahan seema abhi tak clear nahi thi
Adverse possession — dono taraf galat jagah kaabiz zameen
Enclaves ka exchange — dono deshon ke andar ek doosre ke enclaves
Yeh teeno issues ek Protocol sign karke resolve kiye gaye — 6 September 2011 ko.
Yeh Protocol Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, 1974 ka integral part ban gaya.
Protocol Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura aur West Bengal ki state governments ki support aur concurrence (sahmat) se taiyaar kiya gaya tha.
Doubt:
Inter alia" ek Latin term hai jiska matlab hai:
"Among other things" — yaani "doosri cheezaon ke saath saath" ya "sirf yahi nahi, balki aur bhi"