Biology 1 Honors End-of-Year Review Notes

Intro to Science Skills

  • Experimental Design:
    • Steps: Question/Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Data Analysis → Conclusion
    • Independent Variable (IV): Manipulated by scientist (x-axis)
    • Dependent Variable (DV): Measured, changes in response to IV (y-axis)
    • Control Group: Comparison for results
    • Only change one variable at a time.

Unit 1: Ecology and Ecosystem Dynamics

  • Biotic: Living or once-living
  • Abiotic: Non-living (e.g., rocks, weather)
  • Limiting factors: Limit population growth
  • Density-dependent factors: Worse with higher population density (e.g., disease)
  • Density-independent factors: Regardless of population density (e.g., natural disasters)
  • Exponential growth: Rapid, unchecked growth
  • Logistic growth: Growth that levels off at carryingcapacitycarrying capacity
  • Carrying capacity: Max individuals an ecosystem can support
  • Ecosystem Interactions:
    • Predator/Prey: One eats the other
    • Mutualism: Both benefit
    • Commensalism: One benefits, other unaffected
    • Parasitism: One benefits, other harmed
  • Succession:
    • Primary: Ecosystem from scratch (e.g., rock broken down by lichens)
    • Secondary: Ecosystem recovers from damage (e.g., after a fire)
  • Greenhouse Effect: CO2, methane trap heat; higher CO2 = warmer temperatures
  • Human Impacts on Biodiversity: Deforestation, pollution, etc.
  • Organic Macromolecules:
    • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, fast energy, C, H, O
    • Lipids (Fats): Glycerol & fatty acids, stored energy, C, H, O, P
    • Proteins: Amino acids, structure/enzymes/transport, C, H, O, N, S
    • Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides, genetic code, C, H, O, N, P

Unit 2: Energy, Photosynthesis, & Cellular Respiration

  • Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis (absorbs CO2), cellular respiration/decomposition/combustion (release CO2)
  • Photosynthesis:
    • Word Equation: Water + Carbon dioxide + Sunlight → Oxygen + Glucose
    • Chemical Equation: H<em>2O+CO</em>2+solar energy→O<em>2+C</em>6H<em>12O</em>6H<em>2O + CO</em>2 + \text{solar energy} → O<em>2 + C</em>6H<em>{12}O</em>6
    • Light-Dependent Reaction: Reactants: H2O; Products: O2, ATP, NADPH
    • Calvin Cycle: Reactants: CO2, ATP, NADPH; Products: C6H12O6
  • Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
    • Word Equation: Oxygen + Glucose → Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy
    • Chemical Equation: O<em>2+C</em>6H<em>12O</em>6→H<em>2O+CO</em>2+ATPO<em>2 + C</em>6H<em>{12}O</em>6 → H<em>2O + CO</em>2 + ATP
    • Glycolysis: Reactants: C6H12O6; Products: Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
    • Krebs Cycle: Reactants: Pyruvate; Products: CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2
    • Electron Transport Chain: Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O; Products: ATP, H2O
  • Alcohol Fermentation: Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + ATP (Yeast)
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Glucose → Lactic Acid + ATP (Bacteria, muscle cells)

Unit 3: Mitosis and Protein Synthesis

  • Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1, S, G2), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
  • Mitosis: Produces genetically identical cells
  • Mitosis Differences:
    • Plants: Cell plate forms cell wall
    • Animals: Cleavage furrow
  • Mitosis Stages Order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
  • Checkpoints: Pause in cell cycle to check for issues
  • Ignoring Checkpoints: May form a tumor
  • Tumors:
    • Malignant: Aggressive, metastasize
    • Benign: Less aggressive, don't spread
  • DNA Replication Error: Apoptosis (cell death) may occur
  • Stem Cells: Differentiate to form specialized cells
  • Differentiation: Cell becomes specialized
  • DNA vs RNA: RNA is single-stranded, DNA is double-stranded
  • DNA → Genes → Chromosomes: DNA contains genes, DNA wrapped into chromosomes
  • Central Dogma (Protein Synthesis):
    • DNA → RNA → Protein
  • Transcription: DNA to RNA
  • Translation: RNA to Amino Acid Sequence
  • Organelle Functions in Protein Production:
    • Nucleus: Contains DNA
    • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis site
    • Rough ER: Contains ribosomes
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins
    • Vesicles: Transport proteins

Unit 4: Meiosis and Heredity

  • Meiosis: Daughter cells differ from parent cell due to crossing over and independent assortment.
  • Genetic Variation:
    • Random Fertilization: Unique gene combination
    • Crossing Over: Homologous chromosomes exchange parts
    • Independent Assortment: Alleles separate independently
    • Mutation: Change in DNA
  • Inheritance Patterns:
    • Incomplete Dominance: Blended phenotypes
    • Codominance: Both phenotypes show
    • Multiple Alleles: Three or more alleles for a trait
    • Sex-Linked: Traits on sex (X) chromosome

Unit 5: Evolution

  • Natural Selection:
    • Overproduction
    • Variation
    • Adaptation
    • Descent with Modification
  • Survival of the Fittest: Beneficial traits survive and reproduce more
  • Evolution Types:
    • Divergent: From common ancestor
    • Convergent: Similar environment, common trait
    • Coevolution: Populations evolve in response to each other
  • Diversity: Increases survival chances
  • Evidence for Evolution:
    • Anatomy: Homologous structures, common ancestor
    • Embryology: Similar embryos
    • Biochemistry: Similar DNA
    • Paleontology: Similar fossils
  • Structures:
    • Homologous: Similar, common ancestor
    • Analogous: Similar environment, not closely related