PSY ASS MBE NOTES
Intro
Psychometrics \ the field of psychological measurement
Psychological assessment \ refers to gathering and integration of psychology related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation which is accomplished by using various tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, observation, etc. (pag ggather ng mga data or any psychology related deta para ma-evaluate natin yung isang tao)
Psychological test \ Refers to the process of Measuring psychological related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample behavior
Scale \ it refers to a group of items or test that pertain or measure only single variable (intelligence, depression) and arrange in order of difficulty or intensity (Mga question sa survey na may pagpipilian if madalas ba minsan or never ginagawa isang bagay)
Scaling \ the process of arranging the items properly according to the difficulty or intensity
Battery test \ is another term often used in test titles. A ____ is a group of several tests, or subtests, that are administered at one time to one person.
TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Interview \ a type of psychological assessment tool where it is conducted by telephone through direct communication with the assessor involving reciprocal exchange.
Portfolio \ a type of psychological assessment tool where you compile your previous works such as, paper, canvas, film, audio, video.
Case History Data \ a type of psychological assessment tool where it refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee.
Behavioral Observation \ a type of psychological assessment tool where it is defined as monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means.
Role-Play \ a type of psychological assessment tool where it is defined as acting an improvised or partially improvised part in a simulation to be assessed
Computers \ example of this is CAPA (Computer assisted psychological assessment) where from the word itself, it assist the test users to score or to interpret the results of the assessments
WHO ARE THE PARTIES
Test developers \ they are the one who develop or made the assessment
Test users \ Wide range of professionals, including clinicians, counselors, school psychologists, human resources personnel, consumer psychologists, experimental psychologists, social psychologists are referred to as ________ .
Testtaker \ anyone who is the subject of an assessment or an evaluation can be a _____ or an assessee.
REFERENCE SOURCES
Test catalogues \ a type of reference source where they usually contain only a brief description of the test and rarely contain the kind of detailed technical information that a prospective user might require. Moreover, the catalogue’s objective is to sell the test.
Test manuals \ Detailed information concerning the development of a particular test and technical information relating to it should be found in the__________, which is usually available from the test publisher.
Reference volumes \ a type of reference source that trusted sources you consult when you need specific info. For example, the buros institute of mental measurement provies “one-stop shopping” gor great deal of test related information.
Journal articles \ a type of reference source where current journals may contain reviews of the test, updated or independent studies of its psychometric soundness, or examples of how the instrument was used in either research or an applied context. In addition to articles relevant to specific tests, journals are a rich source of information on important trends in testing and assessment
Online websites \ One of the most widely used bibliographic databases for test-related publications is that maintained by the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). Funded by the U.S.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Chinese \ a historical perspective that states that ____had a relatively sophisticated civil service testing program more than4000 years ago called “keju”
Han dynasty \ a historical perspective that states that beforem the use of test batteries was quite common.
Ming dynasty \ a historical perspective that states during this period a national multistage testing program involved local and regional testing centers equipped with special testing booths. Those who did well on the tests at the local level went on to provincial capitals for more extensive essay examinations. After this second testing, those with the highest test scores went on to the nation’s capital for a final round. Only those who passed this third set of tests were eligible for public office
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
The Rorschach Inkblot Test\ A highly controversial projective test that provided an ambiguous stimulus (an inkblot) and asked the subject what it might be.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) \ A projective test that provided ambiguous pictures and asked subjects to make up a stor
Factor analysis \ is a method of finding the minimum number of dimensions (characteristics, attributes), called factors, to account for a large number of variables
The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) \ A structured personality test based on the statistical procedure of factor analysis. (It measures 16 core personality traits like dominance, warmth, anxiety, sensitivity, etc., using factor analysis.)
Woodworth Personal Data Sheet \ An early structured personality test that assumes that a test response can be taken at face value. (The first structured personality test created in World War I to screen soldiers for mental health issues (like anxiety or PTSD).)
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) \ A structured personality test that made no assumptions about the meaning of a test response. Such meaning was to be determined by empirical research. (A structured personality test designed to assess mental health and personality disorders.)
The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) \ A structured personality test developed ac cording to the same principles as the MMPI.
TEST-USER QUALIFICATION
Level A \ Tests or aids that can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working (for instance, achievement or proficiency tests). (Anyone with basic training or manual guide) (do not require any credentials or bachelors degree)
Level B \ Tests or aids that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields such as statistics, individual differences, psychology of adjustment, personnel psychology, and guidance (People with some training in psychology, education, or statistics.) (Masteral degree)
Level C \ Tests and aids that require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices (Only highly trained professionals) (Doctorate degree or have a professional licensure)
RIGHTS OF TEST TAKERS
The right of informed consent \ this is the part where the test takers have the right to know why they are being tested, how they are going to be tested and the results will be used, who will receive the results.
Informed consent \ This is the thing that the test takers give to you if they confirm that theory are willingly be tested after they understand what is the purpose and process of assessment
Legal guardians \ if the person is PWD or cannot give consent these people should or represent them
Debriefing \ after the test this should be give to the test takers
The right to be informed of test findings \ Test-takers have the right to know their test results in a way they can understand. Do not sugar coat the results because in the past the test users would only give positive feedback to avoid anxiety, not it is ethically required to share the realistic results
The right to privacy and confidentiality \ Test-takers have the right to keep their personal information and test results confidential.
Confidentiality \ this means that the test user cannot share information without the permission of the test taker
Privilege \ this refers to the legal protection from disclosing an information in court unless, the test taker allow it or it will prevent harm to others or themselves
The right to the least stigmatizing Label \ this refers to when the results of test takers should not address or label negatively even if it is negative. (Instead labeling Hans as mentally retarded, dapat “intellectual disability” na lang)
Measurement
Measurement \ it refers to the use of certain devices or rules for assigning numbers to objects or events. If we apply this process systematically, then to a large extent, a phenomenon that is measured is made more easily subject to confirmation and analysis, and thus is made more objective as well. (basically turning variables into numbers so that it can be measured)
VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS
Discrete variable \ are those with a finite range of values or a potentially infinite, but countable, range of values. (pie chart or bar chart)
Dichotomous Variables \ are discrete variables that can assume only two values, such as true–false or the outcome of coin tosses.
Polytomous \ variables are discrete variables that can assume more than two values, such as marital status, race, and so on. (3 or more)
Continuous variables \ variables that have infinite ranges and cannot really be counted (in psychological testing this is the most variable that is used) (histograms)
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal scale \ simplest form of measurement. These scales involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics, where all things measured must be placed into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories.
Ordinal scale \ Like nominal scales, _____permit classification. However, in addition to classification, rank ordering (also known as quantitative variable)
Interval scales \ a scale of measurement that has no absolute zero point (0 temperature, hindi ibigsabihin na walang temperature kesyo “0” 0 lang dahil mababa yung temperature) ( it doesn't mean "nothing".)
Ratio scale \ a scale of measurement that have absolute zero point, (0 balance, meaning wala talagang laman wallet) (Pag zero meaning wala talaga)
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mean or arithmetic average \ is obtained by summing all the values in a distribution and dividing the total by the number of cases in the distribution. (simple way ng pag solve ng mean)
Median \ defined as the middle score in a distribution.
Mode \ The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores
SKEWNESS
Skewness \ If these distances are unequal then there is a lack of symmetry. This lack of symmetry is referred to as ______
Positive skewness \ skewness na nasa right yung tail. Nasa above ng median yung mean.
Negative skewness \ nasa left yung tail. Nasa below ng median yung mean.
KURTOSIS
Kurtosis \ The term testing professionals use to refer to the steepness of a distribution in its center is _____
Leptokurtic \ if the normal curve has a peak kurtosis or steepness
Mesokurtic \ if the normal curve has a medium kurtosis or steepness
Platykurtic \ if the normal curve is flat or no kurtosis
STANDARD SCORE EQUIVALENTS
Z test \ its mean is 0 and its standard deviation is 1
T test \ Its mean is 50 and its standard deviation is 10
SAT & GRE \ its mean is 500 and 100 standard deviation
IQ \ Its mean is 100, 15 standard deviation
STANINE
Average \ in stanine, when a data falls under number 5 or 20% it is considered as
Above average \ in stanine, when a data falls under 6 or 7 or 17 - 12% it is considered as
Below average \ in stanine, when a data falls under 4 and 3 or 17 - 12% it is considered as
Higher \ In stanine, when a data falls under 8 and 9 or 7 - 4%, it is considered as
Lower \ in stanine, when a data falls under 1 and 2 or 4 - 7%, it is considered as
SAMPLING
Sampling \ The process of selecting the portion of the universe deemed to be representative of the whole population (pumipili ng sample sa buong population)
Stratified-random sampling \ In the context of picking the specific sample from the population, this sampling method is when every member of the population had the same chance of being included in the sample.
Purposive sample \ If we arbitrarily select some sample because we believe it to be representative of the population (if tayo lang ang pumili ng sample sa population)
Convenience sample \ pumipili ng specific sample kasi convenient para saatin
CORRELATION
Correlation \ measures how two things relation to each other.
Positive correlation \ If one increases, the other increases (e.g., studying more → higher grades).
Negative correlation \ If one increases, the other decreases (e.g., more absences → lower grades).
Zero correlation \ No relationship at all
Pearson r (Pearson correlation coefficient) \ The most common way to measure correlation. This should be used only if the relationship between variables is linear (forms a straight-line relationship). Used when variables are continuous (like height, weight, scores, etc.).
Spearman rho (Rank-order correlation coefficient) \ this coefficient of correlation is frequently used when the sample size is small (fewer than 30 pairs of measurements) and especially when both sets of measurements are in ordinal (or rank-order) form.
Scatterplot \ simple graphing of the coordinate points for values of the X -variable (placed along the graph’s horizontal axis) and the Y -variable (placed along the graph’s vertical axis). It is useful in revealing the presence of curvilinearity in a relationship. As you may have guessed, curvilinearity in this context refers to an “eyeball gauge” of how curved a graph is.
Regression \ the analysis of relationships among variables for the purpose of understanding how one variable may predict another variable .
Simple regression \ The use of one score or variable to predict another variable requires the use of a ____
Multiple regression \ The use of more than one score or variable to predict another variable requires the use of a ____
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
Validity \ can be defined as the agreement between a test score, or measure and that quality is believed to measure
Face validity \ a type of validity that states that mere appearance that a measure has validity. It is often the basic requirement in tests
Content validity \ a type of validity where it is an adequacy of representation of the conceptual domain the test is designed to cover
Criterion validity \ a type of validify where it tells us how well a test corresponds with a particular criterion. A criteria in which a standard will be compared to other test or factor.
Predictive validity \ a type of criterion validity where it predicts future performance
Concurrent validity \ a type of criterion validity where it examines how well correlate your new stuff on existing stuff. Often use when creating a new version of a test to make it easy to upgrade.
Construct-related validity \ a type of validity where it Is established through a series of activities in which a researcher simultaneously defines some construct and develops the instrumentation to measure it. This involved assembling evidence that your test indeed measures the same constructs or theoretical concepts.
Convergent validity \ a type of construct related validity where it looks at whether you measure correlates strongly with other measures of the similar constructs or theoretical concepts, for example an app that measures steps while exercising and other app that measure your burned fat. Now, this two is closely related to fitness.
Discriminant Validity \ a type of construct related validity where it checks whether your measure is unrelated to measures of dissimilar constructs.
Reliability \ The test or measurement tool produces CONSISTENT results when repeated under similar conditions.
Test-retest reliability \ a ty[e of reliability where It involves administering the same test to the same group of people on two different occasions. Most suitable sa test na nag measure ng stable traits. Should be done after 3 days or 3 months. Para hindi masyado mag iba yung traits or personalit nung ineexamine.
Inter-rate reliability \ A type of reliability where it involves validators or scorers that will score a test or performance. Usually a 3 of them para mamakesure na yung score mo ay score mo talaga need na parehas na binigay ng mga validators yon.
Parallel-forms reliability \ A type of reliability where it involve the consistency of result between two different version of the same test. Example Same app about burning calories but the other version is for premium users. Now does 1 and 2 version measure the same thing
Internal consistency reliability \ This measures the consistency of results across items (questions) within a test. Like if yung 10 questions ba ay talagang minemasure ang fam reunion?. This is achieved by cronbach alpha.
0.70 and below \ a cronbach alpha score that suggests that the items (questionnaire) may not really measuring the construct they want to measure.
0.80 and above \ a cronbach alpha score that suggests that the item is Good
0.90 and above \ a cronbach alpha score that suggests the item is Excellent (pero minsan too high might mean redundant items)
TYPES OF RATING SCALES
1. Likert scale \ a widely used scale where respondents rate items on a scale based on their level of agreement or experience on the question.
2. Visual analog scale \ a continuous scale where respondents make a point along a line to indicate their response (may line)
3. Graphic rating scale \ similar to likert scale but often presented visually, sucha s line or bar with marked points (mas detailed na version ng likert scale)
4. Forced ranking scale \ requires respondents to rank items in order of preference or importance. There is not neutral choice.
5. Numerical rating scale \ uses numbers as answer option without specific descriptors of each number. Katulad sa mga vlogger na nag tatanong kung irrate yung fit nila through 1-10
SPECIALizED RATING SCALES IN PSYCH
observer / informant scale \ used by observers (parensts, teachers) to rate behabiors
Self report scale \ respondents rate their own behaviors or feelings
Single domain scale \ focus on a specific area or behavior or domain. (Yung test ay para sa isang domain lang. Example for disorder scale, so yung mga disorder lang ang makakagamit)
Multi-domain scales \ this assess a broader range of behaviors or traits (like our questionnaire)
ITEM FORMAT
Dichotomous \ answers yes or no, dalawa lang ang choices
Polytomous \ 2 or more choices of answers. Maybe in a form of scale, multiple choice and frequency. In this format the questionnaire developer should include a distractor choices.