Untitled Flashcards Set
forearm
TERM
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long bone
formed by radius (lateral) & ulna (medial), parallel to each other
-(ulna is longer)
DEFINITION
radioulnar joint
TERM
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where radius & ulna articulate proximally & distally
-allows rotation of the arm
DEFINITION
when hand is supinated, radius & ulna are...
TERM
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not crossed
DEFINITION
when hand is pronated, radius & ulna are...
TERM
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crossed
DEFINITION
ulna primarily forms...
TERM
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elbow
DEFINITION
parts of ulna
TERM
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-body/shaft
-head (distal portion)
-ulnar styloid process (most distal)
-olecranon process
-coronoid process
-trochlear notch
-radial notch
DEFINITION
olecranon process
TERM
Image
(ulna) beak like process
-most superior process
DEFINITION
coronoid process
TERM
Image
(ulna) beak like process
-more distal process
-triangular shape
DEFINITION
trochlear notch
TERM
Image
(ulna)
-C-shaped area between olecranon & coronoid process
DEFINITION
radial notch
TERM
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(ulna) on lateral side of coronoid process
-where radial head articulates & forms radioulnar joint
DEFINITION
parts of radius
TERM
Image
-body/shaft
-radial styloid process (most distal)
-head (most superior aspect)
-neck (below head where it narrows; constricted)
-radial tuberosity
DEFINITION
radial tuberosity
TERM
Image
(radius)
rough, oval process on medial & anterior side
-look at this to check rotation for lateral elbow
DEFINITION
elbow anatomy to know
TERM
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-lateral/medial condyles & epicondyles
-capitulum & trochlea
-radial head & neck
-coronoid process
-radial tuberosity
-radial notch
-radial fossa & coronoid fossa
-olecranon fossa
-lateral/medial supracondylar ridge
-proximal radioulnar joint
-ulna
DEFINITION
distal humerus
TERM
Image
split into lateral & medial condyles & epicondyles on either side
DEFINITION
capitulum
TERM
Image
rounded area distal to LATERAL epicondyle
-articulates with radial head (cap sits on head)
DEFINITION
what forms the humeroradial joint?
TERM
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capitulum of humerus & radial head
(this joint important for AP elbow- should be open)
DEFINITION
trochlea
TERM
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-larger than capitulum
-on MEDIAL side
-articulates w/ trochlear notch (when elbow is flexed, it fits inside)
DEFINITION
what are the 2 depressions on distal humerus?
TERM
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coronoid fossa & olecranon fossa
DEFINITION
coronoid fossa
TERM
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anterior
-little opening to fit coronoid process when elbow is flexed (process is beak shaped, would break off if no hole there to fit it)
DEFINITION
olecranon fossa
TERM
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posterior
-fits olecranon process when EXTEND arm
DEFINITION
other humerus anatomy to know
TERM
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-head
-greater/lesser tubercles
-intertubercular/bicipital groove
-anatomic/surgical neck
-body
DEFINITION
forearm routine projections
TERM
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AP & lateral
DEFINITION
AP forearm IR
TERM
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14x17 lengthwise
DEFINITION
AP forearm CR
TERM
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perpendicular, centered to midforearm
DEFINITION
AP forearm patient position
TERM
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-seated at end of table
-hand is supinated
-long axis of forearm runs w/ long axis cassette
-humerus is on same plane as forearm
-medial & lateral epicondyles equal distance to cassette (not rotated)
DEFINITION
AP forearm include/criteria
TERM
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-entire forearm
-runs w/ long axis cassette
-at least proximal row of carpals to little bit of distal humerus
-distal radioulnar joint is slightly open
-slight superimposition of radial tuberosity w/ ulna
DEFINITION
what if radial head is completely separated from ulna on AP forearm?
TERM
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laterally rotated (turned out too much)
DEFINITION
what if too much radial & ulna superimposition on AP forearm?
TERM
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medially rotated
DEFINITION
most common AP forearm errors
TERM
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-humerus raised up
-rotated medial side up (laterally rotated)
DEFINITION
lateral forearm
TERM
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lateral-medial projection
DEFINITION
lateral forearm CR
TERM
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perpendicular centered to midforearm
DEFINITION
3 steps for lateral forearm
TERM
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1. elbow flexed 90*
2. humerus & forearm on same plane
3. wrist is lateral
DEFINITION
lateral forearm includes/criteria
TERM
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-entire radius & ulna
-true 90*
-from proximal row of carpals to distal humerus at least above epicondyles
-distal 1 inch of radius & ulna are superimposed & then split
-radial tuberosity projects anteriorly
DEFINITION
fat pads
TERM
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3 in elbow
-extra synovial "space", w/in synovial capsule
-extra radiolucent area of joint
-misshapen or in wrong spot indicates trauma to joint
DEFINITION
routine elbow projections
TERM
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AP & lateral
DEFINITION
AP elbow IR
TERM
Image
10x12 lengthwise
DEFINITION
AP elbow patient position
TERM
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-seated at end of table
-arm fully extended (not bent)
-hand supinated
-both epicondyles parallel to IR/equal distance
DEFINITION
AP elbow CR
TERM
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perpendicular centered to mid-elbow
DEFINITION
AP elbow includes/criteria
TERM
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-3 inches of humerus to 3 inches of forearm (minimal)
-joint space between humerus & radius (humeroradial joint)
-~1/4th radial head superimposes ulna
-olecranon process is in olecranon fossa
-R&U should not be crossed (crossed means hand was pronated)
DEFINITION
how to tell if arm was fully extended on AP elbow?
TERM
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-olecranon process is in olecranon fossa
-open humeroradial joint
DEFINITION
how to tell if AP elbow is rotated?
TERM
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-epicondyles were not parallel, so 1/4th of radial head does not superimpose ulna
DEFINITION
what if more than 1/4th of radius superimposes ulna for AP elbow?
TERM
Image
medially rotated, not turned out enough
DEFINITION
lateral elbow
TERM
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lateral-medial projection
DEFINITION
3 steps for lateral elbow
TERM
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1. elbow flexed 90*
2. humerus & forearm on same plane
3. wrist in lateral position
DEFINITION
lateral elbow CR
TERM
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perpendicular centered to elbow joint
DEFINITION
lateral elbow includes/criteria
TERM
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-at least 3 inch distal humerus to 3 inch proximal forearm
-radial tuberosity projects anteriorly
-radial head superimposes coronoid process
-capitulum & trochlea fully superimposed
DEFINITION
how to tell if wrist was lateral for lateral elbow?
TERM
Image
radial tuberosity should project anteriorly
DEFINITION
how to tell if humerus & forearm were on the same plane for lateral elbow?
TERM
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-capitulum & trochlea are completely superimposed
-radial head superimposes coronoid process
DEFINITION
what happens if humerus was raised up for lateral elbow?
TERM
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capitulum will be rly far down
DEFINITION
what happens if forearm runs downhill on lateral elbow?
TERM
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-coronoid process & radial head will not be superimposed
-medial epicondyle will project posteriorly
DEFINITION
what happens if hand is pronated on lateral elbow?
TERM
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radial tuberosity will project posteriorly
DEFINITION
oblique elbow
TERM
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do both medial & lateral oblique
DEFINITION
medial oblique elbow
TERM
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-arm fully extended
-pronate hand
-arm usually automatically places epicondyles 45*
DEFINITION
medial oblique elbow CR
TERM
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perpendicular centered to elbow joint
DEFINITION
what is best demonstrated by medial oblique elbow?
TERM
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coronoid process
(seen it in profile)
DEFINITION
medial oblique elbow include
TERM
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3 inch humerus to 3 inch proximal forearm
DEFINITION
lateral oblique elbow
TERM
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-fully extend arm
-supinate hand
-rotate laterally so epicondyles form 45* angle
-pt may lean back to help shoulder rotate
DEFINITION
lateral oblique elbow CR
TERM
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perpendicular centered to mid-elbow
DEFINITION
what is best demonstrated by lateral oblique elbow?
TERM
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radial head free of superimposition of ulna
(difference from AP elbow- AP needs 1/4th radial head superimposed)
DEFINITION
on lateral oblique elbow, what indicates rotation?
TERM
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superimposition of radius & ulna (should be completely separate)
DEFINITION
lateral oblique elbow include/criteria
TERM
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3 inch humerus to 3 inch proximal forearm
-open humeroradial joint space
-no radius & ulna superimposition
DEFINITION