Lesson 2 - From Particles to Solutions

By the end of the class, the student will be able to:
- Understand the different parts of the particle theory encompassing solid, liquid, and gas.
- Understand the properties of matter.
- Describe and identify the difference between pure substances and mixtures.
- Identify the difference between solute and solvent.

All matter is made up of tiny particles.
- This foundational concept establishes that everything we observe and interact with at a macroscopic scale consists of much smaller units known as particles.
Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles.
- The composition of particles varies among different materials; for example, water (H2O) has a different particle structure than sodium chloride (NaCl).
The particles are always moving.
- This principle highlights that particle motion is a constant characteristic of matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, gas).
The particles of a substance move faster as its temperature increases.
- Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles; as temperature rises, particles gain more energy, resulting in faster movement.
Particles attract each other.
- The attraction between particles varies by state:
  - Solid: Strong forces; particles are close together.
  - Liquid: Weaker forces; particles are farther apart but still in close proximity.
  - Gas: Very weak forces; particles are very far apart.
  - This behavior can metaphorically be represented as follows:
  - Solid: Strong force, particles close together.
  - Liquid: Weaker force, particles farther apart.
  - Gas: Very weak force, particles are very far apart.

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and volume.
Mass is described as a measure of the quantity of matter in an object.
- Mass is a critical property that distinguishes matter and is often measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g).