Period Two Test Study Guide

Columbian Exchange * Natives to Europeans - maize, potatoes, tobacco, fruits, vegetables * Europeans to Natives - horses, cattle, smallpox * Smallpox killed over 90 percent of the natives
Pocahontas and John Rolfe * Indians teach colonists how to farm and share food in return for helping fight the other natives * The myth is not true because Pocahontas is nine when John Smith arrives * She marries John Rolfe and takes the Christian name Rebecca * Through the efforts of Rolfe and Pocahontas, the colony developed a variety of tobacco that became popular in Europe and a profitable crop
Importance of tobacco * John Rolfe observed Natives smoking tobacco in ceremonies * Tobacco was already in Europe (Spain) * Dutch introduced pipes * English wanted to compete with Spain * English King James I proclaimed that tobacco poisoned the air; led to disease * Tobacco brought a boom to the economy * Problems it brought: * Began to plant tobacco instead of food * Need to use crop rotation (taking land from natives) * Soil depletion * Natives began to launch surprise attacks on Virginia Plantation * One attack killed 350 settlers, including Rolfe * Began slave trade * Indentured servants - served 7 years in exchange for paid trip, food, and shelter, and burned down Jamestown in Bacon’s Rebellion * African slave trade (first African ship in Virginia - 1619) * 1624 Viriginia Company went bankrupt, land went back to the Crown and led to the formation of the House of Burgesses
Chesapeake Characteristics (SAQ) * Disease * Short life span * Men greatly outnumbered women * Cash crops - tobacco, rice * Slaves and indentured servants * Founded for economic reasons * Families are few * Poor education * Hot, humid climate * Fertile soil - more agriculture and “hard” work
New England Characteristics (SAQ) * Longer lifespan * Cool climate * Strong family unit * Very religious * High literacy rate * Unfit soil for farming - merchants, ship builders, fishermen, traders
Mayflower Compact * Signed in 1620 aboard the Mayflower * A set of rules for self-governance for the Plymouth Colony that was the beginning of the modern democracy * Gave ordinary men more power than before * Freemen (landowners) could have a place in the church and could vote
Antinomianism * Proposed by Anne Hutchinson in 1634 * The idea that the truly saved did not have to follow the laws of God or man * This was proposed at a prayer meeting in Hutchinson’s house in Boston * This would lead to anarchy if enough people followed it * Hutchinson was arrested and banished for her ideas
King Philip’s War * One of the bloodiest wars in New England’s history * War named after Mettacom (who is Massasoit’s son and was called King Philip) * War starts in 1675 in Plymouth when the colonists seize and hang 3 Wampanog Indians for murdering a “praying town” Indian * Result ---UPRISING --Wampanog Indians were initially the only Indians fighting –then other tribes join in * Puritans responded to the attacks by attacking Indians (even tribes that were neutral) * Puritans saw it as their mission to destroy the Indians ---(Puritans even attacked the Praying Towns and slaughtered the Indians there) * The war turned in favor of the Puritans and what is left of the Pequot tribe and the Mohegans join in their fight against the Indians * Puritans begin to fight like Indians and win the war in 1677 * Puritan philosophy – NO POW’s therefore prisoners were executed or sold into slavery
Quakers * Given the name Quakers because they “quaked” or shook when they worshipped * Quakers were being persecuted in England because they were opposed to violence, rank, and pride; this meant they would not serve in the military or hold public offices with rank * Believed “all humans are equal” and advocated for fair treatment of Indians * Pennsylvania became known for religious freedom
Bacon’s Rebellion * Nathaniel Bacon * Wealthy planter * Led rebellion * He and his followers burned Jamestown * Died suddenly during the siege of Jamestown * Bacon’s Rebellion * Started because frontiersmen (many of whom were former indentured servants) could not obtain land * Forced to live outside the boundaries of Jamestown and were vulnerable to Indians * Rebellion began ---attacked Jamestown and burned Jamestown to the ground ---Bacon was on the verge of seizing control of Jamestown when he dies suddenly (dysentery) * Governor of Jamestown (Berkley) regains control and captures at least 20 of the supposed attackers and had them hung for inciting a rebellion
Mercantilism * Colonies exist to make the “mother” country money and in return, the “mother” country provides military protection * Navigation Acts * Implemented by England to establish a mercantilist policy in the colonies * 3 rules for colonial trade * Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which would be operated only by English or colonial crews * All goods imported into colonies, except for some perishables could pass only through ports in England * Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England (for example tobacco) * Effects * Positive * New England shipbuilding prospered * Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England * English military forces protected the colonies from potential attacks by French and Spanish * Negative * Colonial manufacturing was severely limited * Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their crops * Colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England * Enforcement * Was often relaxed and British agents were known for their corruption * Salutary neglect: rules put in but are not enforced
Slavery and Indentured Servants * Slaves were introduced in 1619 * 1670 - 3,000 slaves * 1750 - 10,000 slaves * Half of Virginia and two-thirds of South Carolina were slaves * 1861 - 4 million slaves in the Chesapeake colonies alone * Indentured servants ran out of time, and the colonists wanted cheap, nonreplaceable labor
Triangular Trade * A ship loaded with barrels of rum would start out from a New England port like Boston and cross the Atlantic to West Africa * Rum traded in West Africa for hundreds of captive Africans --- ships would set out on the Middle Passage --- slaves aboard these ships would be traded in West Indies for sugar cane * Ship returns to a New England port where sugar would be sold to make rum
Middle Passage * The middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America throughout the 1600s * Consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean; many slaves perished on this segment of the journey * 10 to 15 percent of slaves died on the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean
Stono Rebellion * 1739 - the colony of South Carolina was shaken by a slave uprising that culminated with the death of sixty people * Led by an Angolan named Jemmy * Twenty slaves organized a rebellion on the banks of the Stono River * The band reached the Edisto River where white colonists descended upon them, killing most of the rebels * The survivors were sold off to the West Indies * A malaria epidemic in Charlestown or the August 1739 passage of the Security Act by the South Carolina Colonial Assembly may have caused the rebellion
Zenger Trial * N.Y. newspaper publisher tried for libel because he wrote articles criticizing the royal governor * Acquitted * Results in “freedom of the press”
Natural Rights Theory * Proposed by John Locke, a 17th-century English philosopher * Locke, in his Two Treatises of Government, reasoned that while the state (the government) is supreme, it is bound to follow “natural laws” based on the rights that people have simply because they are human * He argued that sovereignty ultimately resides with the people rather than with the state * Furthermore, citizens had a right and obligation to revolt against a government that failed to protect their rights * Other Enlightenment philosophers adopted and expounded on his ideas * His stress on natural rights would provide a rationale for the American Revolution and the principles of the U.S. Constitution
Great Awakening * Denominations * Two denominations “established” (tax-supported): * Anglican (GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, NY) * Congregational (New England except for RI) * Anglican Church served as a prop of royal authority * Anglican Church was more worldly, secular, and was less zealous; the clergy had a poor reputation * Congregational Church – grew out of Puritan Church; agitated for rebellion * Great Awakening * A movement characterized by fervent expression of religious feelings among masses of people between the 1730s–1740s * Only took place in the Middle and New England Colonies (among the middle class; Chesapeake did not have a middle class)
Johnathan Edwards * Started the Great Awakening * Famous sermon - “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” * Repent and you could be saved by God’s grace
George Whitefield * Traveled and preached throughout colonial America * Preached to thousands at the time * God would save only those who professed to believe in Jesus
Old Lights and New Lights * Old Lights - those who follow predestination * New Lights - followers of Edwards and Whitefield; repentance and saved by faith
$Schism$ * A split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief