Module 2.3 - 2.6: History and Perspective 

2.3: Psychology in the 20th Century

• Sigmund Freud
  • Psychoanalysis
  • compared the human mind to an iceberg
  • Behavior is greatly influenced by feelings and wishes buried deep inside a person
  • unconscious, sex, death
• Ivan Pavlov
  • $**Dog Experiment**$: Classical Conditioning
  • Expected dogs to salivate when given food. Instead, they salivated before
    • ex: when seeing their food bowl
• John B Watson
  • $**Behaviorism**$: Observable behavior only
  • We are the product of our environment (“Little Albert“)

2.5: Psychological Perspective

• 6 Perspectives
  • $**Psychodynamics**$: How we are affected by unconscious drive & conflicts
  • $**Behavioral**$: How we learn through rewards, punishment & observation
  • $**Humanistic**$: How healthy people strive to reach their full potential
  • $**Cognitive**$: How we process information & interpret events of situations
  • $**Biological**$: How biological structures & chemicals underline a behavior, thought, of feeling
  • $**Social-Cultural**$: How thinking/behavior change depending upon the situation or because of cultural influences
• Multiple perspectives are necessary to understand all of the varied influences on human behavior & mental processes
  • $**Biopsychosocial Approach:**$ Nature, Nurture, & self

2.6: 21st Century

• $**Behavior Genetics**$: How genes & environment influence individual differences
  • Learning & inherited genetic traits
• $**Evolutionary Psychology**$: Principles of Natural Selection & study of roots & mental process
  • how behaviors helped ancestors strive
  • combines biological, psychological & social aspects
• $**Positive Psychology:**$ Movement that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning & facts that allows individuals & communities to thrive (facts & science)
  • Focuses on wellness & healthy people
  • similar to humanistic psychology
  • %%Relies on facts & science based%%