US History mid-semester test

 1. Mercantilism -

         1. The European system that popularized countries exporting more goods than they imported, caused a shift to a money-based economy.  2. Salem witch trials -

         1. An early example of misogyny, in Massachusetts that were accused of witchcraft.  3. Redemptioners -

         1. 18th-century European immigrants sold themselves to slavery in order to gain passage to the American colonies.  4. Virginia slave code (1705) -

         1. A code that made all non-Christian servants, into slaves  5. Republicanism -

         1. The belief that the government should regulate society.  6. Liberalism -

         1. Government should have less power/control  7. Seven Years’ War -

         1. The European war in the 1700s, between the three leading powers, also called the french and Indian war.  8. Pontiac’s Rebellion -

         1. The Indian revolt of 1763 against the British in response to the French giving up Indian land to the British.  9. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano -

         1. Book written by a former slave about his experiences in 1789 and how he became a free abolitionist

10. Stamp Act -

         1. In 1765 British Tax directly on The British colonies in America, which led to a bunch of uprisings against British imposed tax

11. virtual representation -

         1. the political concept that elected members of a representative body do not represent individuals or a geographic region but represent the entire country or empire.

12. Committee of Correspondence -

         1. American political organizations in opposition to British rule, that encourage opposition to the Sugar and Currency Acts

13. Sons of Liberty -

         1. American separatists ​​who led protest processions challenging the crown.

14. Boston Massacre -

         1. when British soldiers killed colonists for throwing snowballs than propaganda started saying it was a massacre to rally support for the patriots

15. Intolerable Acts -

         1. Punish the colonists for Boston tea party, which was in response to the tea act, by closing the Boston harbor and choosing local government.

16. Continental Congress -

         1. Gathering of patriot leaders in philadelphia, in response to the intolerable acts.

17. Common Sense -

         1. A pamphlet was written by Thomas Paine, on how we should succeed from the Britons

18. Declaration of Independence -

         1. 1776 John Adams, John Adams. Official drafted document of the 13 colonies, in Pennsylvania by the second continental congress

19. Treaty of Paris (1783) -

         1. Treaty between British and Americans in Paris to discuss the separation of America from britain.

20. Abigail Adams -

         1. Womans rights activist

21. Suffrage -

         1. The right to vote

22. The Wealth of Nations -

         1. Book about capitalism by - Adam Smith

23. Loyalists -

         1. People who stayed aligned with the crown.

24. Blacks in the Revolution -
25. freedom petitions -

         1. arguments for liberty presented to New England’s courts and legislatures in the 1770s by Enslaved African Americans.

26. Lemuel Haynes -

         1. Black man of the Massachusetts militia, who wrote about freedom fro black men as well.

27. free blacks -

         1. African Americans who have been freed from slavery by the north, when it was abolished in the north.

28. Coverture -

         1. the legal status of a married woman, considered to be under her husband's protection and authority.

29. dispossession of Indian lands -

         1. The government removed most of the indians from their land fro themselves to use.

30. republican motherhood -

         1. encouraged the expansion of educational opportunities for women, so that they could impart political wisdom to their children.

31. Articles of Confederation -

         1. The first written constitution of the United States in 1776

32. Shays’s Rebellion -

         1. debt-ridden farmers closed the courts in western Massachusetts to prevent the seizure of their land for failure to pay taxes

33. Federalism -

         1. a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same area and people.

34. Checks and balances -

         1. Different branches of government hold each other accountable and check for corruption.

35. Three-fifths clause -

         1. This agreement allowed slaves to be counted as 3/5's of a person when calculating a state's population for representation in congress.

36. Federalists v Anti-federalists -

         1. Federalists = republicanism/ anti-federalists = liberalism

37. Bill of Rights -

         1. The first ten amendments of the United States constitution.

38. Gradual emancipation -

         1. gradually freed enslaved people without making slavery immediately illegal.

39. Bank of the United States -

         1. The Bank of the United States was a central bank proposed by Alexander Hamilton and established in 1791.

40. Whiskey Rebellion -

         1. The Whiskey Rebellion was an uprising of Western Pennsylvania farmers that took place between 1791-1794 in response to Alexander Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey.

41. Judith Sargent Murray -

         1. Woman’s rights activist, who wrote: “On the Equality of the Sexes,” talking about women's equality, access to education, and the right to control their earnings.

42. Alien and Sedition Acts -

         1. Federalists wanted to silence their opponents, so they made it harder to become a citizen and illegal to criticize the government.

43. Virginia and Kentucky resolutions -

         1. Drafted in secret by future Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the resolutions condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void.

44. Louisiana Purchase -

         1. The purchase of Louisiana territory from the French in 1803

45. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa -

         1. Indian leaders, who were brothers orchestrated the attacks on the frontiers to protect their land from the Americans.

46. War of 1812 -

         1. The seizure of American ships and sailors, combined with the British support of Tecumseh's uprising, led to strident calls in Congress for war against Great Britain.

47. Hartford Convention -

         1. an 1814 meeting of Federalists in New England in order to devise a strategy to retain political power in the national government.

48. Mill girls -

         1. In the 1830s, women went on strike and mobilized in politics when they couldn't even vote—and created the first union of working women in American history.

49. Nativism -

         1. a reaction against cultural and economic change catalyzed by mass, in order to preserve American culture.

50. Manifest destiny -

         1. 1840 and 1850, was the belief that America had the “God-given” right to expand from sea to shining sea.

51. Transcendentalists -

         1. was an intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New England. Used Europe for inspiration and believed in the importance of nature and degraded materialism. Transcendentalism greatly influenced modern American Literature.

52. Individualism -

         1. Individualism was a belief in the freedom of Americans from traditional constraints.

53. cult of domesticity -

         1. attempted to define gender roles in the nineteenth century by limiting women to a domestic sphere. It served as an ideal to which middle and upper-class women could aspire and a means of class distinction.

54. Family wage -

         1. an objective adopted by male trade unionists at the turn of the nineteenth century in their fight for improved wages. It is based on the argument that a wage should be sufficient to maintain a wife and children.

55. American System -

         1. Henry Clay's "American System," devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812, remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government-sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry.

56. Panic of 1819 (economic crisis) -

         1. In 1819 a financial panic swept across the country. The growth in trade that followed the War of 1812 came to an abrupt halt. Unemployment mounted, banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed, and agricultural prices fell by half. Investment in western lands collapsed.

57. McCulloch v. Maryland -

         1. landmark Supreme Court case from 1819. The court's ruling asserted national supremacy over state authority.

58. Missouri Compromise -

         1. President James Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to address growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery. Missouri admitted to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, and Maine as a free state.

59. Monroe Doctrine -

         1. President James Monroe in December 1823, warned European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

60. Trail of Tears -

         1. President Jackson kicked all Indians out of their land and they were forced to Oklahoma, where many died along the harsh exile.

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