UNIT 2: WORK AND MOTIVATION

READING 1: THEORY X AND THEORY Y

Aspect 

Theory X 

Theory Y 

Meaning 

Theory X is a motivational theory, which involves high supervision  and control over the subordinates, and greater degree of centralization 

Is an advanced theory, wherein it is assumed that the workers are self-directed and self-motivated, for growth and development and takes active part in decision making 

Work  

Dislikes work 

Work is natural 

Ambition 

Little to no ambition 

Highly ambitious 

Responsibility 

Avoids responsibility 

Accept and seek responsibilty 

Leadership 

Autocratic 

Democratic 

Focus on  

Psychological needs and Security needs 

Social needs, esteem needs and self-actualixation needs.  

READING 2: SATISFIERS AND MOTIVATORS

Hygiene factors:

  • good labor relations

  • good working conditions

  • job security

  • good wages

  • benefits: sick pay, paid holidays, pension

→ satisfiers or dissatisfiers if they not exist → take them for granted → Herzberg “A reward once given becomes a right”

Motivators:

  • having a challenging and interesting job

  • recognition and responsibility

  • promotion

Motivations for boring jobs:

  • Team responsibilities

  • Job rotation: doing four different repetitive jobs/day is better than one

  • Being the best company

UNIT REVIEW:

  1. What is a motivation?

    Factors that influence the behavior of workers towards achieving business goals

  2. What are the most common ways to increase a worker’s motivation?

    • Monetary rewards: pay rise, pay schemes, bonuses

    • Non-monetary rewards: promotion,

    • Introducing ways to give job satisfaction

  3. What is job satisfaction?

    Job satisfaction is the enjoyment stemmed from the feeling that you have done a great job.

  4. How can companies raise job satisfaction of their workers?

    There are 3 ways that companies can enhance job satisfaction of their employees:

    - Job rotation: swapping workers round and doing 1 job in limited period be4 swapping

    again

    - Job enlargement: adding more tasks to make job more interesting

    - Job enrichment: adding tasks require more skills and/or responsibilities

  5. Describe briefly Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

    5 categories:

    - Self-actualization needs: personal growth and fulfilment

    - Esteem needs: status, achievement, reputation, …

    - Love and belongings needs: family, friendships, relationships, …

    - Safety needs: security, protection, stability, …

    - Physiological needs: air, food, shelter, …

SLIDE:

Levels of needs

What managers should do

Physiological needs

Give emplyees appropriate salaries to purchase the basic necessities of life. Breaks and opportunities to eat should be given

Safety needs

Provide job security, safe and hygiene work environment, retirement benefits

Love and belongings needs

encourage team works and organize social events

Self-esteem needs

appreciate and reward employees on accomplishing and exceeding their targets, promotion

Self-actualization

challenging jobs → skills and competencies are utilized

growth opportunites → reach their peak