Hebron High School 9

Independent Movements Overview

• The lecture focuses on the broad overview of causes and events leading to independence movements in various regions, notably Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, especially examining the shift from European colonial rule.

Global Empires by 1900

• By 1900, most of Africa and parts of Asia were under European control.
• Significant colonial influences existed in regions like Southeast Asia and Australia.
• There was an expectation from colonial powers that empires would last indefinitely, but drastic shifts began around 1950.

Nationalism and the Path to Independence

• The rise of nationalism was often a reaction against European imperialism.
• Countries with strong historical identities (e.g., India) often displayed immediate nationalism upon colonial takeover.

Examples of Early Movements

• India
• The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885, catering mainly to upper-class Hindus and Muslims demanding rights under British rule.
• Key Events:
  • 1858: Britain formally takes direct control of India.
  • 1919: Government of India Act grants limited local self-rule but falls short of full autonomy.
  • Rowlatt Act leads to severe backlash and unrest.
• Egypt
• In the 1880s, under British control, Egypt witnessed violent resistance, including the Dinshawai Incident, which sparked nationalist sentiments.
• Vietnam
• Post-colonial guerrilla warfare emerged against French control in the 1880s.

Violence and Resistance

• Resistance against European forces was often violent yet largely ineffective due to the industrial strength of colonial armies.
• Notable Conflicts:
• Boer Wars (189