General Science Grade - 8
Page 1: Introduction
General Science Textbooks
Textbook for Grade 7 and Grade 8 published by the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State Education Bureau.
Page 2: Editorial Information
Authors and Contributors
Authors:
Yonas Nibret (BSc., MA)
Sefiw Melesse (MSc.)
Abebe Habte (MSc)
Editors and Evaluators:
Getahun Getachew
Muluneh T/Birhan
Ali Kemal
Adopters:
Degu Zewdie
Getahun Tadese
Mulu Waketola
Developed by the Addis Ababa Education Bureau.
Page 3: Table of Contents
Units Overview
UNIT ONE: BASICS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Scientific Measurements
Doing Scientific Investigation
UNIT TWO: COMPOSITION OF MATTER
Early Thinking about the Composition of Matter
Inside of an Atom
Molecules
UNIT THREE: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
Organic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Neutralization Reaction and Salts
UNIT FOUR: HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS AND HEALTH
Integumentary Systems
Muscular System
Skeletal System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Reproductive System
UNIT FIVE: ECOSYSTEM AND CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
UNIT SIX: THE SOLAR SYSTEM
UNIT SEVEN: PHYSICAL PHENOMENA IN THE SURROUNDING
Page 4: Detailed Contents
Further Breakdown of Units
UNIT THREE: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
3.1 Introduction (5 pages)
3.2 Organic Compounds (7 pages)
3.3 Inorganic Compounds (12 pages)
3.4 Neutralization Reaction and Salts (31 pages)
UNIT FOUR: HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS AND HEALTH
Covers seven major systems with subtopics regarding structure, functions, and diseases.
Page 5: Continuation of Contents
Further Details on Human Body Systems
4.4 Digestive System (69 pages including diseases of the digestive system)
4.5 Respiratory System (75 pages including diseases)
4.6 Circulatory System (79 pages including diseases)
4.7 Reproductive System (83 pages including health and diseases)
Page 6: Ecosystem and Conservation
Overview and Key Terms
Definitions of ecosystem and biodiversity, conservation methods, and natural resource management.
Page 7: The Solar System
Key Learning Outcomes for Unit 6
Naming planets, understanding their positions, and learning about satellites.
Page 8: Basics of light and sound
Learning Outcomes for Unit 7
Covers sources of light, properties of light, sound production, and magnetism.
Page 9: Basics of scientific investigation
Units Covered in Detail
1. Basics of Scientific Investigation
Learners will cover scientific measurement and investigation components.
Page 10: Measurement Concepts
Focus on Scientific Measurement
Principles of measurement, indigenous vs. modern methods, and differences between accuracy and precision.
Page 11: Indigenous Methods of Measurement
Overview
Detailed indigenous methods for measuring length, mass, and time.
Page 12: Mass and Its Measurements
Key Concepts
Definitions of mass and related indigenous measurements.
Page 13: Measurement of Time
Overview
Traditional methods of measuring time using natural observations.
Page 14: Volume Measurements
Focus on Local Tools
Discuss local market volume measurement instruments.
Page 15: Physical Quantities
Classification
Insights into fundamental and derived quantities with examples.
Page 16: Instruments in Measurement
Practical Application
Various instruments for measuring mass, length, time, and temperature.
Page 17: Fundamental Concepts of Measurement
Introduction
Key terms and general concepts used in scientific measurements.
Page 18: Measurement Unit Conversion
Overview
Importance of unit conversion through prefixes.
Page 19: Practical Applications of Measuring Techniques
Hands-On Learning
Overview of practical measurement applications in a classroom.
Page 20: Temperature and Its Measurement
Introduction to Thermometers
Types of thermometers and how to measure temperature accurately.
Page 21: Energy Transfer via Heat
Introduction to Heat Concepts
Overview of heat transfer methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Page 22: Natural Resources and Their Management
Conservation Strategies
Describe practical strategies for conserving water and soil.
Page 23: Summary of Human Body Systems
Summary Points
Overview of human body systems, major organs, and their functions.
Page 24: Review Exercises and Checklists
Self-Evaluation
Questions to reinforce learning across all units.
Page 25: Environmental Impact and Conservation
Key Concepts Discussed
Importance of biodiversity and conservation, including specific practices in different regions.