DMLT NOTES BOTH LANGUAGES

Hematology Notes

Page 1

Collection of Blood

  • Importance of proper blood collection techniques.

  • Different methods include venipuncture, fingersticks, and heelsticks.

Anticoagulants

  • Anticoagulants prevent blood coagulation during testing.

  • Common types include:

    • Citrate: eg. trisodium citrate.

    • Heparin: commonly used in laboratory settings.

    • EDTA: used for complete blood counts (CBC).

Hemoglobin Estimation

  • Hemoglobin (Hgb) carries oxygen in red blood cells (RBCs).

  • Normal ranges: Male: 13.5-18 gm%, Female: 11.5-16.5 gm%.

Total Leukocyte Count (TLC)

  • Counts the number of white blood cells (WBCs).

  • Normal range: 4000-10000 cells/mm3.

Page 2

Anatomy & Physiology of Blood

Cell Components

  1. RBCs (Erythrocytes)

    • Biconcave discoid shape for gas exchange, lacking a nucleus.

    • Lifespan: 90-120 days.

  2. WBCs (Leukocytes)

    • Fight infections and regulate immune response.

    • Subtypes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

  3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    • Crucial for blood clotting; lifespan of a few days.

Page 3

Components of Blood

  • Blood volume composition: 45% cellular components (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) and 55% plasma.

  • RBC count: Normal values: Male: 4.5-6 million/mm3, Female: 4-5.5 million/mm3.

  • WBC differentials: Understanding the proportion of each type of WBC is crucial for diagnosing diseases.

Hematopoiesis

  • The process of blood cell formation from stem cells in the bone marrow.

  • Influenced by various growth factors and cytokines.

Page 4

Reticulocyte Count

  • Measures immature RBCs to assess bone marrow activity in producing new RBCs.

  • Normal reticulocyte count: 0.5-1.5% of total RBCs.

Blood Coagulation

  • Involves various factors and pathways to prevent bleeding.

  • Secondary hemostasis occurs through the coagulation cascade.

Page 5

Blood Testing Techniques

  • Importance of controlled environments and protocols to avoid contamination and ensure accurate results.

  • Different tests such as blood smear, CBC, etc., each used for various diagnostic purposes.

Page 6

Anemia Types

  • Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Caused by lack of iron leading to decreased hemoglobin.

  • Megaloblastic Anemia: Results from impaired DNA synthesis, often due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies.

Page 7

Hemophilia

  • A genetic disorder that impairs blood clotting.

  • Types include Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and Hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency).

Page 8

Leukemia

  • A type of cancer that affects blood and bone marrow.

  • Symptoms include fatigue, easy bruising, and frequent infections.

  • Types include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Page 9

Blood Banking

  • Procedures and safety protocols in blood transfusion.

  • Importance of matching donor and recipient blood types to avoid reactions.

Conclusion

  • Understanding blood components and functions is crucial for diagnosing and treating several medical conditions.