Lab Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Notes

Body Divisions: * Axial Portion: Consists of the head, neck, and trunk. * Appendicular Portion: Consists of the upper and lower limbs.
Axial Body Cavities: * Cranial Cavity: Houses the brain. * Vertebral Canal: Houses the spinal cord. * Thoracic Cavity: Houses the heart, lungs, and the mediastinum. * Abdominopelvic Cavity: Subdivided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities. * Abdominal Cavity: Contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines. * Pelvic Cavity: Contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs. * Diaphragm: A broad, thin muscle that serves as the physical divider separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Visual Subdivisions of the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavities: * Thoracic Region: Includes the Left pleural cavity, Right pleural cavity, Mediastinum, and Pericardial cavity. * Abdominopelvic Region: Comprised of the Abdominal cavity and the Pelvic cavity.

Oral Cavity: The mouth area; contains the tongue and teeth.
Nasal Cavity: Located inside the nose; divided into left and right portions by the nasal septum; contains sinuses.
Orbital Cavities: Contain the eyes, associated nerves, and skeletal muscles.
Middle Ear Cavities: Contain the middle ear bones.
Sinuses within the Head: * Frontal sinuses. * Sphenoidal sinus.

Membrane Structure: Serous membranes are double-layered. * Parietal Portion: Lines the wall of the cavity. * Visceral Portion: Covers the surface of each internal organ. * Serous Fluid: A thin layer of fluid that separates the parietal and visceral layers to reduce friction.
Pleural Membranes (Lungs): * Parietal Pleura: Lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity. * Visceral Pleura: Covers the lungs. * Pleural Cavity: The potential space between these membranes.
Pericardial Membranes (Heart): * Visceral Pericardium: Covers the heart surface (also known as the epicardium). * Parietal Pericardium: Forms the outer layer surrounding the heart. * Fibrous Pericardium: A third, outermost layer shown in transverse sections. * Pericardial Cavity: The space between the visceral and parietal pericardium.
Peritoneal Membranes (Abdominopelvic): * Parietal Peritoneum: Lines the wall of the abdominal cavity. * Visceral Peritoneum: Covers each of the abdominal organs. * Peritoneal Cavity: The space between these membranes.

Anatomical Position: The standard reference point for all terminology. The body is erect, face forward, with upper limbs at the sides and palms facing forward.
Terms of Relative Position: * Superior: Above another part. * Inferior: Below another part. * Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front. * Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back. * Medial: Closer to the midline (an imaginary line dividing the body into equal left and right halves). * Lateral: Toward the side, away from the midline. * Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment to the trunk or another referenced body part. * Distal: Further from the point of attachment to the trunk or another referenced body part. * Superficial (Peripheral): Near the surface or outward. * Deep: More internal than another structure.

Sagittal Section: A longitudinal cut that divides the body into right and left portions. * Median (Midsagittal) Section: Passes along the midline and divides the body into equal left and right halves. * Parasagittal Section: A section lateral to the midline.
Transverse (Horizontal) Section: A cut that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.
Frontal (Coronal) Section: A cut that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Sections in Cylindrical Organs (e.g., Blood Vessels, Long Bones): * Cross Section: A cut directly across the structure. * Oblique Section: An angular cut through the structure. * Longitudinal Section: A lengthwise cut through the structure.

Abdominal Quadrants: * Right upper quadrant. * Right lower quadrant. * Left upper quadrant. * Left lower quadrant.
Nine Abdominal Regions: * Epigastric: Upper middle part. * Right and Left Hypochondriac: Located to the sides of the epigastric region. * Umbilical: Middle part surrounding the navel. * Right and Left Lateral (Lumbar): Located to the sides of the umbilical region. * Pubic (Hypogastric): Lower middle part. * Right and Left Inguinal (Iliac): Located to the sides of the pubic region.

Cephalic (Head) and Facical Regions: * Frontal (forehead) * Orbital (eye cavity) * Nasal (nose) * Buccal (cheek) * Oral (mouth) * Mental (chin) * Otic (ear) * Occipital (back of head)
Trunk Regions (Anterior): * Cervical (neck) * Acromial (point of shoulder) * Mammary (breast) * Axillary (armpit) * Sternal * Pectoral (anterior chest) * Umbilical (navel) * Abdominal (abdomen) * Inguinal (groin) * Coxal (hip) * Genital (external reproductive organs)
Trunk Regions (Posterior): * Dorsal (back) * Vertebral (spinal column) * Lumbar (lower back) * Sacral (between hips) * Gluteal (buttocks) * Perineal
Upper Limb Regions: * Brachial (arm) * Antecubital (front of elbow) * Cubital (elbow) * Antebrachial (forearm) * Carpal (wrist) * Palmar (palm) * Digital (finger)
Lower Limb Regions: * Femoral (thigh) * Patellar (front of knee) * Popliteal (back of knee) * Crural (leg) * Sural (calf) * Tarsal (ankle) * Pedal (foot) * Calcaneal (heel) * Plantar (sole) * Digital (toe)