Community Health Nursing - Exam Notes

Ethical Principles

  • Autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice are key ethical principles.

Collaboration and Communication

  • Nurses collaborate with teams and the public, using clear and respectful communication to improve home care safety.

Health Promotion and Prevention

  • Primary prevention: Prevents the problem.
  • Secondary prevention: Finds problems early (e.g., screenings).
  • Tertiary prevention: Manages problems (e.g., rehab).

Evidence-Based Practice

  • Use research and facts to give the best care.
  • Ensure care is safe, fair, fast, and patient-focused.

Milo's Framework

  • Milo's framework emphasizes policy and societal-level changes to increase the availability of health resources.

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

  • Preparation stage involves intending to take action and starting to take steps (e.g., buying nicotine patches and setting a quit date).

Health Belief Model

  • Addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors.

Systems Thinking

  • Analyzes how individuals interact within a community to improve health.

Nightingale's Environmental Theory

  • Focuses on planning community environments to promote health.

Social Determinants of Health

  • Social and community context includes cultural competence, understanding culture, and respecting differences.
  • Neighborhood and built environment include factors like sidewalks, green spaces, air quality, and access to transportation and grocery stores.

Interventions

  • Primary: Prevents disease.
  • Secondary: Early detection.
  • Tertiary: Managing chronic diseases.

Economic Stability

  • Micro level: How individuals spend their money.
  • Macro level: Poverty affects insurance coverage, leading to high-risk behaviors and poor nutrition.

Resources

  • Administration of Community Living, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
  • Nurses act as a bridge to connect individuals with needed resources; case management can assist with applications for Medicaid and hospital financial assistance.

Cultural Sensitivity

  • Essential for assessments.
  • Use culturally sensitive language; find out what clients know about their health problems and treatment to determine the plan; avoid assumptions.

Social Determinants Examples

  • Lack of access to doctors or clinics.
  • Educational disparities: impacts a child's opportunity, high school graduation rates and town preschool programs.

Healthcare for Older Adults

  • Highlight important information in discharge instructions.

Best Actions for Uninsured Individuals

  • Refer to low-cost clinics.